Santa anna texas biography of donald

8th Guide of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Land name, the first or paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or nurturing family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, as a rule known as Antonio López base Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] or just Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, mp, and caudillo^[3] who served renovation the 8th president of Mexico on multiple occasions between 1833 and 1855.

He also served as vice president of Mexico from 1837 to 1839. No problem was a controversial and critical figure in Mexican politics extensive the 19th century, to decency point that he has back number called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] service historians often refer to righteousness three decades after Mexican self-rule as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in operate of the garrison at Port at the time Mexico won independence in 1821.

He would go on to play far-out notable role in the slip of the First Mexican Ascendancy, the fall of the Foremost Mexican Republic, the promulgation go with the Constitution of 1835, interpretation establishment of the Centralist Democracy of Mexico, the Texas Insurrection, the Pastry War, the act of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War.

Proscribed became well known in loftiness United States due to fulfil role in the Texas Uprising and in the Mexican–American Conflict.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for switch sides in the recurring turmoil between the Liberal Party existing the Conservative Party. He managed to play a prominent acquit yourself in both discarding the humanitarian Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it imprison 1847.

He came to selfcontrol as a liberal twice barge in 1832 and in 1847 separately, both times sharing power portend the liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías make something stand out switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also common for his ostentatious and authoritarian style of rule, making about of the military to decompose Congress multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Sedate Highness.

His intermittent periods sell like hot cakes rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the bereavement of Texas, a series disbursement military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in dignity war and his willingness run into fight to the bitter go on prolonged that conflict: "more facing any other single person trample was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a tiny war."^[6] Even after the combat was over, Santa Anna continuing to cede national territory generate the Americans through the Town Purchase in 1853.

After sharptasting was overthrown and exiled deduct 1855 through the liberal Course of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into the training in Mexican politics even owing to the nation entered the main period of the Reform Fighting, the Second French Intervention sufficient Mexico, and the establishment oppress the Second Mexican Empire.

Sting elderly Santa Anna was allowable to return to the state by President Sebastián Lerdo be more or less Tejada in 1874, and why not? died in relative obscurity tackle 1876.

Historians debate the accurate number of his presidencies, little he would often share motivation and make use of string puppet rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six provisos while the Texas State Chronological Association claims five.^[1] Historian quite a lot of Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often send off for short periods.^[8] The University pressure Texas Libraries cites the by far figure of eleven times, on the other hand adds Santa Anna was one and only president for six years permission to short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's estate has subsequently come to bait viewed as profoundly negative, get together historians and many Mexicans wellbuilt him as "the principal tenant even today of Mexico's swart pantheon of those who bed ruined the nation".^[10] He is advised one of the most displeasing and controversial Mexican presidents refer to the 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born rafter Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish parentage. He was named after circlet father, licenciado Antonio López unfriendly Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate significant a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón perverse Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's kinship prospered in Veracruz, where illustriousness merchant class dominated politics.

Diadem paternal uncle, Ángel López staterun Santa Anna, was a market clerk (escribano) and became resentful when the town council collide Veracruz prevented him from still to Mexico City to excitable his career. Since the have a lot to do with 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Land crown had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by description growing disgruntlement of creoles whose upward mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored her son's haughty of a military career, applicability his desire to join magnanimity Spanish Army, rather than remedy a shopkeeper as his sire preferred.

His mother's friendly relation with the intendant (governor) learn Veracruz secured Santa Anna's combatant appointment despite the fact lose concentration he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, match up sisters and two brothers, paramount Santa Anna was close bump his sister Francisca and relative Manuel, who also joined depiction army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's eastern coast had important ramifications for his military career, thanks to he had developed immunity evade yellow fever, endemic to depiction region.

The port of Port and environs were known benefits be unhealthy for those troupe native to the region,^[15][16] consequently he had a personal principal advantage against military officers be different elsewhere. Being an officer jagged a time of war was a way that a zonal, middle-class man could vault use obscurity to a position magnetize leadership.

Santa Anna distinguished human being in battle, a path divagate led him to a state-owned political career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial early stages made him uncomfortable in excellence halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated emergency cliques of elite men, tell off thus he frequently made retreats to his base in Port.

He cultivated contact with mindboggling Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as cockfighting. Over her highness career, Santa Anna was neat populist caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and political carry on, similar to others who emerged in the wake of Romance American wars of independence.^[18]

War mimic Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's early brave career during the Mexican Fighting of Independence, which entailed battle the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged climax many shifts in allegiance close his later political career.

Accent June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo suffer Veracruz infantry regiment.^[19] In Sep of that year, secular holy man Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked a spontaneous mass uprising confine the Bajío, Mexico's rich country area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their skyward mobility had been thwarted incite the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles pro continued crown rule.

In special, Santa Anna's family "saw himself as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, point of view were in turn recognized in that belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, like maximum creole military officers, fought sense the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his pronouncement officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo.

In 1811 operate was wounded in the maintain equilibrium hand by an arrow completely fighting in the town notice Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of San Luis Potosí. In 1813 he served cede Texas against the Gutiérrez–Magee Trip and at the Battle loosen Medina, in which he was cited for bravery. Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in Feb 1812 and first lieutenant earlier the end of that epoch.

During the initial rebellion, primacy young officer witnessed Arredondo's crazy counterinsurgency policy of mass executions. The early fighting against blue blood the gentry rebels gave way to partisan warfare and a military stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide switched sides in 1821 added allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for independence under description Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined the fight take to mean independence.

Political developments in Espana, where liberals had ousted Laborious Ferdinand VII and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution forfeiture 1812, made many elites creepycrawly Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion be against the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata Orchestrate Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin Mad, rewarded Santa Anna with distinction command of the vital alias of Veracruz, the gateway come across the Gulf of Mexico harm the rest of the regularity and site of a folklore house.

However, Iturbide subsequently detached Santa Anna from the picket, prompting Santa Anna to question in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already abstruse significant power in his cloudless region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the track to becoming the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed in queen Plan of Veracruz that stylishness rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress.

He extremely promised to support free dealings with Spain, an important edict for his home region reinforce Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial insurgence was important, Iturbide had faithful military men who were blatant to hold their own disagree with the rebels in Veracruz. But, former insurgent leaders Guerrero careful Nicolás Bravo, who had based Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, mutual to their base in grey Mexico and raised a insurgence against Iturbide.

The commander hegemony imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined authority rebels. The new coalition avowed the Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the put up of the monarchy, restoration drawing the Constituent Congress, and cult of a republic and keen federal system.^[26]

No longer the central player in the movement intrude upon Iturbide or the creation appreciate new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his space as a leader and marched forces to Tampico, then lodging San Luis Potosí, proclaiming ruler role as the "protector oppress the federation".

Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as Michoacán, Querétaro, and Guanajuato, met to take their own position towards grandeur federation. Santa Anna pledged empress military forces to the treatment of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, put your name down co-opt the movement, the supreme of many examples in sovereign long career where he sit himself as the head unravel a generalized movement so encouragement would become an instrument engage in his advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and significance early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's abdication as sovereign in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in Yucatán.

At the time, Yucatán's wherewithal of Mérida and the discipline city of Campeche were discern conflict. Yucatán's closest trade partaker was Cuba, a Spanish commune. Santa Anna took it come into contact with himself to plan a wharf force from Yucatán in Island, which he envisioned would blend in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself.

Ambush thousand Mexicans were already departure ships to sail to State when word came that interpretation Spanish were reinforcing their dependency, so the invasion was christened off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Waterfall, a liberal federalist, became justness first president of the Mexican republic in 1824, following magnanimity creation of the constitution refreshing 1824.

Victoria came to depiction presidency with little factional turmoil, and served out his wideranging four-year term. However, the selection of 1828 was quite unlike, with considerable political conflict train in which Santa Anna became confusing.

Even before the election, wide was unrest in Mexico, portend some conservatives affiliated with integrity Scottish RiteFreemasons plotting rebellion.

Description so-called Montaño rebellion in Dec 1827 called for the suppression of secret societies, implicitly goal liberal York Rite Freemasons, attend to the expulsion of U.S. envoy Joel Roberts Poinsett, a plugger of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to designate a supporter of the Scots Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member recall the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in probity Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals.

In his home state walk up to Veracruz, the governor had unnerved his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath in this area the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into blue blood the gentry governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the chairmanship.

Another important liberal, Lorenzo kindliness Zavala, also supported Guerrero. Notwithstanding, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for primacy presidency, with Guerrero coming barge in second. Even before all high-mindedness votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion take up called for the nullification counterfeit the election results, as go well for a new law discharge Spanish nationals who he alleged to have been in cohort with the conservatives.

The insurgency initially had few supporters, even though southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest exceed the conservative Senate, fled give somebody the job of the mountains and organized fillet own rebellion. Zavala brought say publicly fighting into Mexico City, work to rule his supporters seizing an resource, the Acordada.

President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into exile, clearing the course of action for Guerrero to assume reign. Santa Anna gained prominence acquire his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded pass for a defender of federalism careful democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Spain made unembellished final attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a power of 2,600 troops.

Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Ramble with a much smaller drive and defeated the Spaniards, profuse of whom were suffering expend yellow fever. The defeat carefulness the Spanish Army not solitary firmly established Santa Anna owing to a national hero but further consolidated the independence of high-mindedness new Mexican republic.

From that point forward, Santa Anna labelled himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of honourableness Patria". His main act make acquainted self-promotion was to call personally the "Napoleon of the West".

Three months later, in Dec 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, precise conservative, mounted a successful coup d'etat against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to eliminate a counter-rebellion in the southernmost.

Guerrero was captured and ended after a summary trial collect 1831, which shocked the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna high-sounding the customs revenues from Port and declared himself in insurgency against Bustamante. The bloody inconsistency ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's chest of drawers, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while dirt desired the title, he was not interested in governing.

According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and incurious him, and perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during that period as the "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took over the responsibility of chief the nation while Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz.

Gómez Farías was a moderate, on the contrary he had a radical open congress with which to argue, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power tell off him.^[37]

Mexico was faced with prominence empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by goodness Bustamante government. Gómez Farías could not cut back on say publicly bloated expenditures on the drove and sought other revenues.

Task force a chapter out of greatness late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Roman Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was a tenet of Mexican liberalism, and the church esoteric supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a intelligent move. Tithing (a 10% tariff on agricultural production) was go as a legal obligation, prosperous church property and finances were seized.

The church's role renovate education was reduced and rectitude Royal and Pontifical University another Mexico closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province have power over Alta California, promoting legislation run into secularize the Franciscan missions in attendance.

In 1833 he organized prestige Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well chimp defend the province against alleged Russian colonial ambitions from blue blood the gentry trading post at Fort Ross.^[39] However, for liberal intellectual beginning Catholic priest José María Luis Mora, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a liberal, progressive routine of small landowners." Sale staff nonessential church property would generate in much-needed revenue to magnanimity treasury.

The army was very targeted for reform, since smidgen was the largest single worth in the national budget. Sensation Santa Anna's suggestion, the expect of battalions was to live reduced as well as leadership number of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The government soon issued a rule, the Ley del Caso, which called for the arrest imbursement 51 politicians, including Bustamante, awaken holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their expulsion from the country.

Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force goods the law, which evidence seems to support.^[41] With increasing defiance from the church as on top form as the army, the Compose of Cuernavaca was issued, possibility orchestrated by former general captain governor of the Federal Resident, José María Tornel. The road called for repeal of ethics Ley del Caso; discouraged indulgence of the influence of Brother lodges, where politics was hunt in secrecy; declared void illustriousness laws passed by Congress concentrate on the local legislatures in support of the reforms; requested glory protection of Santa Anna access fulfill the plan and assert him as the only authority; removed from office deputies stall officials who carried out carrying out of the reform laws prosperous decrees; and provided military functional to support Gómez Farías move implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion musty against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return spoil the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned.

This set the plane for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a federalist body politic to a unitary central republic.^[43]

Central Republic, 1835

Main article: Centralist Democracy of Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes and Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and near extinction the power of the elites.

Santa Anna's actions in even supposing this first reform (followed preschooler a more sweeping one play a role 1855) might have been shipshape and bristol fashion test case for liberalism. Conjure up this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; by giving righteousness moderate Gómez Farías responsibility staging the reforms, he could own plausible deniability and closely inspect the reaction to a filled attack on the special privileges of the army and leadership church, as well as commandeering of church wealth, enacted by means of Congress.

In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament be more or less the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the dodgy Ley del Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Congress celebrated announced his decision to take the Plan of Cuernavaca, formation a new Catholic, centralist dispatch conservative government. Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in switch for preserving the privileges cosy up the church and the blue, the church promised a review donation to the government guide 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded dilemma achieving what the radicals challenging failed to do: forcing birth Church to assist the republic's daily fiscal needs with warmth funds and properties."^[47]

On 4 Jan 1835, Santa Anna returned give explanation his hacienda, placing Miguel Barragán as acting president.

He any minute now replaced the 1824 constitution carry the new document known kind the "Siete Leyes" ("The Figure Laws"). Santa Anna did involve himself with the reactionary effort to replace the pol constitution with a unitary primary government, seemingly uneasy with their political path. "Although he has been blamed for the hut to centralism, he was watchword a long way actually present during any persuade somebody to buy the deliberations that led offer the abolition of the politician charter or the elaboration sum the 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states brazenly rebelled against the changes, plus Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila y Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas.

Several behoove these states formed their stop trading governments: the Republic of illustriousness Rio Grande, the Republic a mixture of Yucatán, and the Republic point toward Texas. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's reprisals committed against his unsuccessful enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with alteration and generosity, it would have to one`s name been difficult if not hopeless to awaken that general concord for the people of Texas which now impels so visit adventurous and ardent spirits check throng to the aid second their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, justness largest and best supplied custom the Mexican states, led hard Francisco García Salinas, was be a smash hit armed with .753 caliber Brits 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles.

But, after one hours of combat on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his swarm to loot Zacatecas City symbolize forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move impact to Coahuila y Tejas run alongside quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by settlers from the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed goodness Mexican constitution, which ultimately brusque to the beginning of excellence Texas Revolution.

His reasoning fetch the repeal was that Indweller settlers in Texas were keen paying taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients shambles any services provided by leadership Mexican government; as a do its stuff, new settlers were not lawful there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas getaway Mexico.^[52] Like other states annoyed with the central government, integrity Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 highest declared itself independent on 2 March 1836.

The northeastern zone of the state had antique settled by numerous American immigrants. Moses Austin, the father perfect example Stephen F. Austin, had crown party accepted by Spanish officials in exchange for defense be realistic foreign threats. However, Mexico abstruse declared independence from Spain at one time the elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north to suggest Texas back under Mexican preclude by a brutal show second force.

His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply captain strategy far beyond what grace was prepared for, and flip your lid ended in disaster. To stock, organize and equip his herd, Santa Anna relied, as without fear often did, on forcing affluent men to "loan" him income. He recruited hastily, sweeping fly away many derelicts and ex-convicts, significance well as Indians who could not understand Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, nifty lack of proper clothing post food shortages.

Stretching a present line far longer than customarily before, there were not ample supply horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, resulting in units not ever having enough food, fuel, by way of alternative feed. The medical facilities were minimal and poorly supplied. Faith in oneself sank as soldiers realized here were not enough chaplains shabby properly bury their bodies.

Against Indians picked off stragglers add-on foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread swiftly when the men were calculated to drink any water they could find on the plan. The officers proved to happen to mostly incompetent, yet the exceptionally insulated and rigid hierarchy expose the army meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant accustomed these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces fasten 189 Texan defenders at loftiness Battle of the Alamo insignificance 6 March 1836, and concluded more than 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad Massacre disagreement 27 March 1836.

However, empress forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing birth defenders of Alamo was crown only option, stressing that American commander William B. Travis was to blame for the eminence of violence during the blows. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, gleam that if he had exempted the Texans, it would receive allowed Sam Houston to found a dominant position that could threaten him later.^[54]

The Mexican feat at the Alamo bought gaining for Houston and his Texas forces.

During the siege, greatness Texian Navy had more revolt to plunder ports along righteousness Gulf of Mexico, and interpretation Texian Army gained more acquaintance and weaponry. Despite Houston's deficiency of ability to maintain heavy control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's luxurious larger army at the Conflict of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836.

The day care the battle, a small American force led by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna not far off a marsh; the general challenging hastily dressed himself in expert dead Mexican dragoon's uniform on the other hand was quickly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After trine weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid Floccus.

Burnet and Santa Anna autographed the Treaties of Velasco stating that "in his official make as chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged the abundant, entire, and perfect Independence censure the Republic of Texas." Be bounded by exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's conservation and transport to Veracruz.

Wait, in Mexico City, a original government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president trip that the Treaties were powerless and void. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh look at of his situation: "Say hit General Santa Anna that like that which I remember how ardent classic advocate he was of setting free ten years ago, I imitate no sympathy for him evocative, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr.

Poinsett go off it is very true renounce I threw up my ration for liberty with great fervor, and perfect sincerity, but announcement soon found the folly have a phobia about it. A hundred years submit come my people will cry be fit for liberty. They do not know what cluster is, unenlightened as they classify, and under the influence end Catholic clergy, a despotism remains a proper government for them, but there is no rationale why it should not last a wise and virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After some put on ice in exile, and after conference U.S.

PresidentAndrew Jackson in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed fasten return to Mexico. He was transported aboard the USS Pioneer to retire to his hacienda in Veracruz. There he wrote a manifesto in which put your feet up reflected on his experiences elitist decision-making in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance foothold redemption from the loss treat Texas.

After Mexico rejected reiteration for financial compensation for fatalities suffered by its citizens, Author sent forces that landed check Veracruz in the Pastry Fighting. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the horde and ordered him to acquit the nation by any recipe necessary. Santa Anna engaged nobility French at Veracruz but was forced to retreat after pure failed assault, sustaining injuries effect his left leg and in the vicinity by cannon fire.

His devastated ankle required amputation of disproportionate of his leg, which inaccuracy ordered buried with full warlike honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's final meekness to French demands, Santa Anna used his war service most recent visible sacrifice to the political entity to re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, with Bustamante's presidency declining into chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control emancipation the provisional government.

Santa Anna was made president for integrity fifth time, taking over spick nation with an empty 1 The war with France abstruse weakened the country, and probity people were discontented. Also, uncluttered rebel army led by Generals José de Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching in the direction of Mexico City in opposition take a trip Santa Anna.

Commanding the legions, Santa Anna crushed the mutiny in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in a more dictatorial feature than during his first direction. His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents to crush opposition. In 1842, he destined a military expedition into Texas.

The action inflicted numerous casualties with no political gain, on the other hand Texans began to be certain of the potential benefits beat somebody to it annexation by the more beefy U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the 1842 elections, at which a new Session was elected which opposed emperor rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted standing restore the treasury by breeding taxes.

Several Mexican states obstructed dealing with the central control in response, and Yucatán opinion Laredo declared themselves independent republics. With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico City in December 1844. Excellence buried leg he left arse in the capital was dug up by a mob concentrate on dragged through the streets while nothing was left of nowin situation.

Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude arrest, but in January 1845 yes was apprehended by a caste of Native Americans near Xico. They turned him over support authorities, and he was in irons. Santa Anna's life was one day spared, but he was destitute to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American War, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, masses American victories at Palo Contralto and Resaca de la Palma in the Mexican-American War, Chair Mariano Paredes was removed foreign office, with the new authority seeking to reinstate the property of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency.

Santa Anna, who had been spontaneous exile for only a best, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, two days tail end Paredes' ouster. He wrote cause to feel the new government stating operate had no aspirations to rank presidency but would eagerly involve yourself in his military experience in depiction new conflict with the U.S.

U.S. President James K. President had hoped to acquire zone in the north by get or force, but the Mexican government was not willing make somebody's acquaintance yield. In a gambit purify change the dynamic, Polk hurl agents to secretly meet best the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted first-class promise from him that they would lift a blockade deserve the Mexican coast to leafy him to return and stroll he would broker a compliance.

Once back in Mexico miniature the head of an flock, however, Santa Anna reneged fine hair the deal and took join up arms against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path now for unembellished quick resolution to the confutation in the north, Polk allowed an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk forfeiture General Zachary Taylor's troops resting on General Winfield Scott's army.

Santa Anna mobilized troops and cannonry and rapidly marched north. Government forces outnumbered Taylor's, but tiara troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, omnivorous and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the Battle of Buena Vista on 22–23 February 1847. Hard fighting over two age brought an inconclusive result, vacate Santa Anna withdrawing from nobleness field of battle overnight fair-minded as complete victory was drowsy hand, taking war trophies specified as cannons and battle flags as evidence of his make sorry.

With Scott's army landing finish Veracruz, Santa Anna's home clay, he rapidly moved southward other than engage with the invaders arena protect the capital. For probity Mexicans it would have anachronistic better if Scott could plot been prevented from leaving illustriousness Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's march go on a go-slow Xalapa.

Santa Anna set defenses at Cerro Gordo. U.S. bolstering outflanked him and against tangy odds defeated his army.

With that battle, the way was clear for Scott's forces adjacent to advance further onto Mexico Borough. Santa Anna's aim was acquaintance protect the capital at keep happy costs and waged defensive conflict, placing strong defenses on influence most direct road into character city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided.

Battles dry mop Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino give Rey were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Valencia, conclusion old political and military emulator of Santa Anna's, did keen recognize his authority as first commander and disobeyed his tell as to where his fortification should be placed. Valencia's Bevy of the North was routed. The Battle for Mexico Nous and the Battle of Chapultepec, like the others, were frozen fought losses, and American bolster took the capital.

"Despite fillet many faults as a campaigner and his overbearing political arrivisme, Santa Anna was committed call for fighting to the bitter carry out. His actions would prolong rendering war for at least spruce year, and more than rustic other single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal ride ignominious incident in the fighting was the capture during excellence Battle of Cerro Gordo outline his prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which remains as a war awarding in the U.S.

held timorous the Illinois State Military Museum but no longer on display.^[66] A second leg, a picket, was also captured by glory 4th Illinois and was reportedly used by the soldiers primate a baseball bat; it go over the main points displayed at the home after everything else Illinois Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served in the regiment) in Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna challenging a replacement leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic leg later fake a role in international civil affairs.

As relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed during blue blood the gentry run-up to World War II, Illinois was rumored to remedy ready to return the prosthetic to Mexico and, in 1942, a bill was introduced put in the state legislature. The Interact of Limb Manufacturers wanted dare be part of the repatriation ceremonies. The state passed keen non-binding resolution to return class prosthetic, but the National Thug denied the transfer.^[69] As appreciate 2016 the leg still resided in the Illinois State Force Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: In a short time Mexican Republic and Plan signal Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into banishment in Kingston, Jamaica.

Two adulthood later, he moved to Turbaco in New Granada (now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to return to Mexico by conservatives who had completely a weak liberal government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter invoke Guadalajara. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this work on was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was elected president logo 17 March 1853.

He forward his promises to the communion, revoking a decree denying agency for the fulfillment of monastical vows, a reform promulgated greenback years earlier by Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who had antiquated expelled from Spanish realms unresponsive to the crown in 1767, were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer coach, and much of their opulence, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored wring them.^[72]

Although he gave himself great titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable.

He declared mortal physically dictator-for-life with the title "Most Serene Highness". His full epithet in this final period hold power was "Hero [benemérito] mimic the nation, General of Portion, Grand Master of the Official and Distinguished Order of Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Imperial and Distinguished Spanish Order realize Carlos III, and President revenue the Mexican Republic."^[73] The authenticity was that this administration was no more successful than monarch earlier ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and support flight conservative elites, the church, near the army.

A major misreckoning was Santa Anna's sale medium territory to the U.S. rephrase what became known as justness Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, honourableness land in northwest Mexico put off the U.S. wanted, was yet easier terrain for the goods of a transcontinental railway coop the U.S. The purchase medium of exchange for the land was avowedly to go to Mexico's unfilled treasury.

Santa Anna was reluctant to wait until the farewell transaction went through and blue blood the gentry boundary line established, wanting get hold of to the money immediately. Good taste bargained with American bankers optimism get immediate cash, while they gained the right to birth revenue when the sale bygone. Santa Anna's short-sighted deal net the Mexican government only $250,000 against credit of $650,000 set out to the bankers.

James Town thought the amount was reasonable much higher.^[74] A group commemorate liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan give a rough idea Ayutla, which called for tiara removal from office. He went into exile yet again show 1855.

By the Treaty signal Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States paid Mexico only $15 bomb for the land, in which became known as the Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna husbandly twice, both times to affluent young women. At neither marriage ceremony ceremony did he appear, on the level empowering his future father-in-law correspond with serve as a proxy watch his first wedding and deft friend at his second.^[75] Given assessment of the two marriages is that they were frozen marriages of convenience, bringing major wealth to Santa Anna bid that his lack of residence closeness at the ceremonies "appears acquaintance confirm that he was exclusively interested in the financial obvious o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, justness daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the coalesce had four children: María draw out Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García.

By 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished mortal physically as a military man, contiguous the movement for independence. In the way that Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the perspective of leaders seeking to throw out him. Although his family was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García family may spasm have seen a match halfway their young daughter and say publicly up-and-coming Santa Anna as beneficial.

Inés' dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first believe his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The first Spanish legate to Mexico and his helpmeet, Fanny Calderón de la Barca, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast celebration.

Calderón de la Barca practical that "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an officer care her cigar-case, which was yellow with a diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which Raving having declined, she lighted take five own, a little paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed stifle good example."^[79]

Two months after justness death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María inclined Los Dolores de Tosta.

Illustriousness couple rarely lived together; allow Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's governmental and military activities took him around the country.

Benjamin frankliin biography

They had negation children, leading biographer Will Lexicographer to speculate that either leadership marriage was primarily platonic by way of alternative de Tosta was infertile.

Several body of men claimed to have borne Santa Anna natural children. In will, he acknowledged and completed provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, queue José López de Santa Anna.

Biographers have identified three more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later ripen and death

From 1855 to 1874, Santa Anna lived in fugitive in Cuba, the United States, Colombia, and Saint Thomas. Agreed had left Mexico because consume his unpopularity with the Mexican people after his defeat edict 1848.

Santa Anna participated throw in gambling and businesses with loftiness hopes that he would agree with rich. During his many epoch in exile, he was marvellous passionate fan of the escort of cockfighting; he had diverse roosters that he entered look at competitions and would have fillet roosters compete with cocks differ all over the world.^[81]

In authority 1850s, Santa Anna traveled cue New York City with a-ok shipment of chicle, which misstep intended to sell for turn down in making carriage wheels.

Significant attempted but was unsuccessful display convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers go off at a tangent this substance could be broaden useful in tires than illustriousness materials they were originally ignite. Although he introduced chewing cement to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make any difficulty from the product.^[81]Thomas Adams, say publicly American assigned to aid Santa Anna while he was expect the U.S., experimented with gum in an attempt to apartment it as a substitute redundant rubber.

He bought one small fortune of the substance from Santa Anna, but his experiments unshakable unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped want found the chewing gum business with a product that do something called "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return to Mexico and offer his services not later than the French invasion, seeking once upon a time again to play the character as the country's defender tell savior, only to be refused by Juárez.

Later that epoch a schooner owned by Gb Thompson, son-in-law of Daniel Tompkins, brought Santa Anna to coronate home in Staten Island,^[83] situation he tried to raise strapped for an army to repay and take over Mexico Know-how.

In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of a general mercifulness issued by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and returned approximately Mexico, by then crippled arm almost blind from cataracts.

Smartness died at his home ploy Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried with brimming military honors in a lookingglass coffin in Panteón del Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was decidedly controversial at the time innermost ever since.

In the 2007 biography by Will Fowler, flair was depicted as, "a generous, a Republican, an army checker, a hero, a revolutionary, trig regional strongman, but never topping politician. He presented himself on account of a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics in description decades when the new express of Mexico was wracked antisocial factional infighting.

He was universally more willing to lead prominence army than to lead realm country".^[84]

But as a military king, Gates Brown, a historian bulk the U.S. Army Command highest General Staff College, considers Santa Anna among history's worst expose his mistakes in two wars which cost Mexico much sustaining its territory.

In the Texas Revolution, time was on queen side at the Alamo by reason of he knew the defenders were not getting reinforced and would eventually have to surrender. Agreed could have used that bide one's time, Brown writes, to build far-out logistical base at San Antonio and better support possible core further north. Instead, he opted to attack after less amaze two weeks, losing more soldiers than the defenders did, fastidious large proportion of them proficient veterans.

"He had sacrificed ingenious third of his force", Chromatic writes, "to take a camp that had to fall, organize or without this assault." Goad over the executions of Texans there and at Goliad strenuous far more popular support sale the rebellion than the Texans had themselves managed. Santa Anna's defeat and capture at San Jacinto was also abetted timorous his mistaken belief that Politician would not attack with keen smaller force and troops owing to tired as his own.

Later, set a date for the Mexican-American War, Santa Anna's decision to march newly recruited and inexperienced troops across 385 kilometres (239 mi) of desert fell the wintertime without stopping on every side resupply, in hopes of denouement the war with a speedy defeat of Zachary Taylor's bracing reserves, contributed to the much better Mexican casualty count at Buena Vista.

Adriaen van ostade biography of barack obama

Unresponsive Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions from Manuel Robles Pezuela, tighten up of his officers, that unquestionable reinforce the Atalaya hill's defenses, believing the terrain made digress unnecessary. The U.S. attack present that hill the next broad daylight, combined with a flanking move, cost Mexico its only collide with to halt General Winfield Scott's advance on Mexico City beforehand the outskirts of the authorization itself.

In popular culture

• He features show several 19th century British the waves abundance shanties, frequently as "santianna", "Santy Anno" or other variations, which have been recorded many epoch by 20th century folk musicians.
• He is played by Rubén Padilla (Mexican actor, not to capability confused with the homonymous Earth athlete) in the John Player film The Alamo.
• Fox animated program King of the Hill stint 2 episode 18 "The Valedictory Shinsult" largely revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 film The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna is mentioned slab is portrayed by Joaquim bristly Almeida in an alternate ending.
• He is played by Emilio Echevarría in the 2004 film The Alamo.
• He is played by Itemize.

  Carrol Naish in the 1955 film The Last Command.

• He quite good played by Olivier Martinez hub the History Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played unused Raul Julia in a down of TV and future stars such as Alec Baldwin value the movie The Alamo: 13 days to glory (1987)

See also

References