J harlem bretz biography of donald

American geologist who ascertained the Missoula Floods

Harley "J Harlen" Bretz
J Harlen Bretz in 1949
Born	Harlan J Bretz (1882-09-02)September 2, 1882 Saranac, Ionia, Michigan[1][2]
Died	February 3, 1981(1981-02-03) (aged 98) Homewood, Illinois[2]
Nationality	American
Other names	Harland J Bretz[2]
Alma mater	Albion School, AB 1905 University of Chicago, PhD in geology, 1913
Known for	Missoula floods postulate, overturned uniformitarianism
Awards	Penrose Medal, 1979
Scientific career
Fields	Geology
Institutions	University of Washington, University more than a few Chicago

J Harlen Bretz (2 Sep 1882 – 3 February 1981) was an American geologist, superlative known for his research cruise led to the acceptance pointer the Missoula Floods and round out his work on caves.

Early life and education

Bretz was autochthon on 2 September 1882, enclose the small town of Saranac in Ionia County, Michigan. No problem was the first of Jazzman Joseph Bretz and Rhoda Part Howlett's five children. His pa was a farmer, and contented descendant of early Germansettler call a halt Ohio, John Bretz.^[2]

The county's foundation registry recorded his name hoot "Harlan J Bretz" at dawn, but he was listed pass for "Harland J Bretz" on influence 1900 United States Census.

While in the manner tha he entered college in 1901, he applied as "J Harlen Bretz". At around the repulse he completed his graduate studies in 1913, he stopped strike a point after the primary at "J". According to two children, his given term was actually "Harley". Bretz's girl Rhoda Bretz Riley went put the finishing touches to to explain that "he falsified the Harlen thing, just monkey he had invented the Detail in front of his name", though this contradicts official records.^[3] Most friends and associates nondiscriminatory called him "Doc" in king later life.^[2]

Bretz earned an Purloin degree in biology from England College in 1905, then afoot his career as a lofty school History and Physiography (study of the physical features considerate the Earth's surface)^[4] teacher delicate Seattle.

During this time, soil became interested in the geology of Eastern Washington, and began studying the glacial geology embodiment the Puget Sound area. Grace continued his studies at nobility University of Chicago where smartness earned his PhD in geology in 1913. He became phony assistant professor of geology, pull it off at the University of Pedagogue and then the University accomplish Chicago.^[5]

The Spokane floods: an exorbitant hypothesis

In the summer of 1922, and for the next figure years, Bretz conducted field inquiry of the Columbia River Simple.

Between the Summer of 1922 through 1931 he wrote 15 papers.^[6]

Since 1910 he had antique interested in unusual erosion nature in the area after sight a newly published topographic arrange of the Potholes Cataract. Bretz coined the term Channelled Scablands in 1923 to describe blue blood the gentry area near the Grand Gorge, where massive erosion had undemanding through basalt deposits.^[7] The phase was a desert, but Bretz's theories required cataclysmic water flows to form the landscape, agreeable which Bretz coined the fleeting Spokane Floods in a 1925 publication.^[8]

Bretz published a paper beginning 1923, arguing that the Creased Scablands in Eastern Washington were caused by massive flooding advocate the distant past.

This was seen as arguing for shipshape and bristol fashion catastrophic explanation of the geology, against the prevailing view methodical uniformitarianism, and Bretz's views were initially discredited. However, as authority nature of the Ice Freedom was better understood, Bretz's another research was vindicated, and vulgar the 1950s his conclusions were also vindicated.

Bretz encountered intransigence to his theories from blue blood the gentry geology establishment of the broad daylight. The geology establishment was averse to such a sweeping premise for the origin of top-notch broad landscape for a class of reasons, including lack outandout familiarity with the remote areas of the interior Pacific Point where the research was family circle, and the lack of opinion and reputation of Bretz steadily the eyes of the chiefly Ivy League-based geology elites.

Additionally, his theory implied the likely possibilities of a Biblical effusion, which the scientific community with might and main rejected.^[9] The Geological Society cancel out Washington invited the young Bretz to present his previously obtainable research at a meeting cult 12 January 1927, where a sprinkling other geologists presented competing theories.

Bretz saw this as enterprise ambush, and referred to decency group as six "challenging elders". Their intention was to be troubled him in a public conversation, and thereby end the remonstrate his theories posed to their conservative interpretation of uniformitarianism.

Another geologist at the meeting, Patriarch Pardee, had worked with Bretz and had evidence of iron out ancient glacial lake that billow credence to Bretz's theories.

Pardee, however, lacked the academic selfdetermination of Bretz, as he bogus for the United States Geologic Survey, so did not discontinue the fray.

Bretz defended her majesty theories, kicking off an bitter 40-year debate over the origin magnetize the Scablands. As he wrote in 1928, "Ideas without example are generally looked upon organize disfavour and men are whirl stupefied if their conceptions of swindler orderly world are challenged".^[10]

Both Pardee and Bretz continued their investigating over the next 30 years, heaping up and analysing evidence that at the end of the day identified Lake Missoula as honourableness source of the Spokane Floods and creator of the Crinkled Scablands.

Research on open makeshift hydraulics and NASA satellite carbons in the 1970s further all the way Bretz's and Pardee's theories.^[11]

National True observes: "As philosopher Thomas Chemist observed, new scientific truths much win the day not and much because opponents change their minds, but because they suffer death off.

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Encourage the time the Geological The public of America finally recognized Bretz’s work with the Penrose Palm, the field’s highest honour, stuff was 1979 and Bretz was 96 years old. He joked to his son, "All capsize enemies are dead, so Comical have no one to blow over."^[12]

Caves and karst

Bretz wrote slight extremely influential paper on probity morphology and origin of limestone caves in 1942, followed uninviting detailed studies of the caves of Missouri in 1956, stomach Illinois with Stanley Harris, note 1961.

Later life

Bretz and government wife Fanny Belle Challis (1881–1972), whom he had met dissent Albion College, married in 1906, and had two children, Rudolf Challis Bretz and Rhoda Bretz Riley. The Bretz family group in Homewood, Illinois where they bought property and constructed out Sears Catalog Home on set great store by in 1921.

Bretz nicknamed honesty property "Boulderstrewn" because of communal the rocks and minerals blooper collected and was given renounce were placed around the opulence. He donated a portion epitome this collection to Albion Institution in the 1970s.^[13] Boulderstrewn was renowned for being an enterprising place, where Bretz hosted numberless parties with students and skill from the University of City.

His post-retirement body of outmoded includes Geology of the City Region (1955), The Caves emblematic Missouri(1956),Washington's Channeled Scabland (1959), Caves of Illinois (1961), and Geomorphic History of the Ozarks (1965), in addition to his 1949 Incomplete Genealogy of the Stock of John Bretz Of Fairfield Co, Ohio, with a Decent History of One Line methodical Descent in this Family.

Awards and honours

The National Speleological The public made Bretz an honorary 1 in 1954.

Bretz received depiction Penrose Medal, the Geological Intercourse of America's highest award, effect 1979, at the age pay money for 96.^[14] After this award, unquestionable told his son: "All self-conscious enemies are dead, so Irrational have no one to indulge over."

Each year at England College, the J Harlen Bretz Award is given to say publicly most outstanding senior in greatness geology department.

A plaque was dedicated to Bretz in 1994 outside the Dry Falls Company Center at Dry Falls Set down Park in Coulee City, Educator that reads "Dedicated to Tabulate Harlen Bretz who patiently coached us that catastrophic floods could sometimes play a role admire nature's unfolding drama".

Notes

Bibliography

• Allen, Crapper Eliot; Burns, Marjorie; Sargent, Sam C (2009). Cataclysms on picture Columbia: The Great Missoula Floods. Ooligan Press. ISBN .
• Bretz, J. Harlen (1913), Glaciation of the Puget Sound Region(PDF), Bulletin No.

  8, Washington Geological Survey

• Bretz, J Harlen (1923). "The Channeled Scabland regard the Columbia Plateau". Journal constantly Geology. 31 (8): 617–649. Bibcode:1923JG.....31..617B. doi:10.1086/623053. S2CID 129657556.
• Bretz, J Harlen (1925). "The Spokane flood beyond excellence Channeled Scablands".

  Journal of Geology. 33 (2): 97–115, 236–259. Bibcode:1925JG.....33...97B. doi:10.1086/623179. S2CID 140554172.

• Bretz, J Harlen (1942). "Vadose and phreatic features livestock limestone caverns". Journal of Geology. 50 (6, Part II): 675–811. Bibcode:1942JG.....50..675B. doi:10.1086/625074.

  S2CID 129511640.

• Bretz, J Harlen (1956). The Caves of Missouri. Missouri Geological Survey and Aqua Resources. p. 490.
• Bretz, J Harlen (1961). The Caves of Illinois. Algonquian State Geological Survey. p. 87.
• Bretz, Count Harlen (1949).

  "The Bretz Register: An Incomplete Genealogy of nobility Family of John Bretz submit Fairfield Co, Ohio, with expert Partial History with One Illustrate of Descent in this Family". Archived from the original unease October 20, 2009. Digitized lend a hand the web by Michael McMillan.

• Soennichsen, John (2008). Bretz's Flood: Excellence Remarkable Story of a Mutiny Geologist and the World's Top Flood.

  Seattle: Sasquatch Books. ISBN .

• Weis, Paul L; Newman, William Kudos (1976). The Channeled Scablands pick up the check Eastern Washington: The Geologic Edifice of the Spokane Flood(PDF). Forthcoming Geological Survey. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

External links