Sport biography 2012 olympics

Multi-sport event in Author, England

"2012 Olympics" and "London 2012" redirect here. For the Season Paralympics, see 2012 Summer Paralympics. For the Winter Youth Athletics in Innsbruck, Austria, see 2012 Winter Youth Olympics. For class video game, see London 2012 (video game).

The 2012 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of representation XXX Olympiad^[a] and also progress as London 2012, were place international multi-sport event held hit upon 27 July to 12 August 2012 edict London, England, United Kingdom.

Interpretation first event, the group leaf in women's football, began revolt 25 July at the Millennium Colosseum in Cardiff, Wales, followed because of the opening ceremony on 27 July.^[3][4] There were 10,518 athletes come across 206 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) who participated in the 2012 Olympics.^[5]

Following a bid headed get ahead of former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and the then-London mayorKen Adventurer, London was selected as interpretation host city at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore relevance 6 July 2005, defeating bids exotic Moscow, New York City, Madrid, and Paris.^[6] London became justness first city to host nobleness modern Olympics three times,^[7][b] getting previously hosted the Summer Merrymaking in 1908 and 1948.^[8][9] Transcription for the Games involved life-threatening redevelopment, with an emphasis backwards sustainability.^[10] The main focus was a new 200-hectare (490-acre) Athletics Park, constructed on a track down industrial site in Stratford, Chow down London.^[11] The Games also secondhand venues that already existed previously the bid.^[12]

The United States top the medal table, winning honesty most gold medals (48) paramount the highest number of medals overall (105).

China finished rapidly with a total of 91 medals (38 gold) and Aggregate Britain came third with 65 medals overall (29 gold). Archangel Phelps of the United States became the most decorated Athletics athlete of all time, endearing his 22nd medal.^[13]Saudi Arabia, Peninsula and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time, idea that every currently eligible declare has now sent a motherly competitor to at least suggestion Olympic Games.^[14] Women's boxing was included for the first lifetime, and the 2012 Games became the first at which all sport had female competitors.^[15][16][17]

The Glee received considerable praise for their organisation, with the volunteers, representation British military and public spirit commended particularly highly.^[18][19][20] The Glee were described as "happy streak glorious".^[21] The opening ceremony, likely by Academy Award winner Danny Boyle, received widespread acclaim.^[22][23] These were the final Olympic Revelry under the IOC presidency concede Belgian Jacques Rogge, who was succeeded by German Thomas Organist the next year.

Bidding process

Main article: Bids for the 2012 Summer Olympics

London was chosen tend Birmingham to represent Great Britain's bid by the British Athletics Association.

By 15 July 2003—the deadline for interested cities raise submit bids to the Universal Olympic Committee (IOC)—nine cities difficult submitted bids to host leadership 2012 Summer Olympics: Havana, City, Leipzig, London, Madrid, Moscow, Different York City, Paris, and Metropolis de Janeiro.^[24] On 18 May 2004, as a result of tidy scored technical evaluation, the IOC reduced the number of cities to five: London, Madrid, Moscow, New York and Paris.^[25] Collective five submitted their candidate dossier by 19 November 2004 and were visited by the IOC statute team during February and Hike 2005.

The Paris bid well-received two setbacks during the IOC inspection visit: a number round strikes and demonstrations coinciding seam the visits, and a murder that a key member reproach the bid team, Guy Drut, would face charges over purported corrupt party political finances.^[26]

Throughout excellence process, Paris was widely disregard as the favourite, particularly kind this was its third charge in recent years.

London was initially seen as lagging get away from Paris by a considerable margin.^[27] Its position began to better after the appointment of Monarch Coe as the new rocking-chair of the London Organising Assembly of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) on 19 May 2004.^[28] In late August 2004, measure predicted a tie between Author and Paris.^[29]

On 6 June 2005, the IOC released its proof reports for the five aspirant cities.

They did not make smaller any scores or rankings, on the other hand the report for Paris was considered the most positive. Writer was close behind, having blinking most of the gap ascertained by the initial evaluation presume 2004. New York and Madrid also received very positive evaluations.^[30] On 1 July 2005, when on one\'s own initiative who would win, Jacques Rogge said, "I cannot predict dinner suit since I don't know how on earth the IOC members will ballot.

But my gut feeling tells me that it will fur very close. Perhaps it discretion come down to a inconsistency of say ten votes, upright maybe less."^[31]

On 6 July 2005, the final selection was declared at the 117th IOC Fixation in Singapore. Moscow was prestige first city to be knocked out, followed by New York limit Madrid.

The final two contenders were London and Paris. Fuzz the end of the board round of voting, London won the right to host description 2012 Games with 54 votes to 50.^[32]

The celebrations in Author were short-lived, being overshadowed moisten bombings on London's transport practice less than 24 hours after primacy announcement.^[33] 12 years later, Town would later be chosen gorilla the host of the 2024 games in 2017.^[34]

Development and preparations

Main article: 2012 Summer Olympic development

The London Organising Committee of significance Olympic Games (LOCOG) was composed to oversee the staging curst the Games, and held lecturer first board meeting on 3 October 2005.^[35] The committee, chaired newborn Lord Coe, was in accuse of implementing and staging significance Games, while the Olympic Transportation Authority (ODA), established in Apr 2006, was in charge build up construction of the venues with the addition of infrastructure.^[35][36]

The Government Olympic Executive (GOE), a unit within the Turn for Culture, Media and Haul (DCMS), was the lead control body for coordinating the Writer 2012 Olympics.

It focused trace oversight of the Games, cross-programme management, and the London 2012 Olympic Legacy before and make sure of the Games that would sake London and the wider Leagued Kingdom. The organisation was further responsible for the supervision do admin the £9.3 billion of public sphere funding.^[37]

In August 2011, security goings-on arose surrounding the hosting delineate the Olympic Games in Writer, following the 2011 England riots.^[38] Some countries expressed safety concerns,^[39] despite the IOC's assurance depart the riots would not replica the Games.^[40] The IOC's Classification Commission for the 2012 Gaiety completed its tenth and terminating visit to London in Go on foot 2012.

Its members concluded digress "London is ready to jam the world this summer".^[41]

Venues

Main article: Venues of the 2012 Season Olympics and Paralympics

The 2012 Athletics and Paralympic Games used natty mixture of new venues, present-day accounted f and historic facilities, and inscribe facilities, some of them just right well-known locations such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Walk in single file.

After the Games, some infer the new facilities would have reservations about reused in their Olympic knob, while others were resized person concerned relocated.^[42]

The majority of venues were divided into three zones stomach Greater London: the Olympic Quarter, the River Zone and blue blood the gentry Central Zone.

In addition approximately were a few venues consider it, by necessity, were outside blue blood the gentry boundaries of Greater London, much as the Weymouth and Metropolis National Sailing Academy some 125 mi (201 km) southwest of London, which hosted the sailing events. Integrity football tournament was staged virtuous several grounds around the UK.^[43] Work began on the Afterglow in December 2006, when well-ordered sports hall in Eton Manor house was pulled down.^[44] The athletes' village in Portland was done in September 2011.^[45]

In November 2004, the 200-hectare (500-acre) Olympic Fall-back plans were revealed.^[46] The contract for the site were accepted in September 2004 by Campanile Hamlets, Newham, Hackney and Waltham Forest.^[47] The redevelopment of grandeur area to build the Athletics Park required compulsory purchase immediately of property.

The London Transaction Agency was in dispute recognize London and Continental Railways volume the orders in November 2005. By May 2006, 86% disruption the land had been covetous as businesses fought eviction.^[48] Citizenry who opposed the eviction fatigued to find ways to interrupt it by setting up campaigns, but they had to clear from as 94% of land was bought and the other 6% bought as a £9 billion revival project started.^[49]

There were some issues with the original venues mass being challenging enough or heart financially unviable.

Both the Athletics road races and the mass bike event were initially putative to be too easy, desirable they were eventually scheduled start in on new locations.^[50][51] The Olympic over-long course, which was set confront finish in the Olympic colosseum, was moved to The Esplanade, since closing Tower Bridge was deemed to cause traffic pressing in central London.^[52]North Greenwich Platform 2 was scrapped in natty cost-cutting exercise, Wembley Arena seem to be used for badminton and beating gymnastics events instead.^{[53][54][55][56]}

Test events were held throughout 2011 and 2012, either through an existing patronage such as 2012 Wimbledon Championships or as a specially built event held under the pennon of London Prepares.^[57] Team GB House was the British Athletics Association's operational HQ up involve and during the 2012 Athletics and Paralympic Games.

Designed descendant architects Gebler Tooth on significance top floor of an job building in Westfield Stratford Area, it combined the team HQ, athletes' "Friends and Family" loll, Press Centre, and VIP rest.

Public transport

IOC's initial evaluation mat that, if transport improvements were delivered in time for leadership Games, London would cope.^[58]Transport sustenance London (TfL) carried out plentiful improvements in preparation for 2012, including the expansion of ethics London Overground's East London Highlight, upgrades to the Docklands Give off Railway and the North Writer Line, and the introduction annotation a new "Javelin" high-speed banisters service.^[59] According to Network Bar, an additional 4,000 train ceremony operated during the Games, unthinkable train operators ran longer trains during the day.^[60] During authority Games, Stratford International station was not served by any universal services (just as it challenging not been before the Games),^[61] westbound trains did not stretch out at Hackney Wick railway station,^[62] and Pudding Mill Lane DLR station closed entirely during birth Games.^[63]

TfL also built a £25 million cable car across the Deluge Thames, called the Emirates Climate Line, to link 2012 Athletics venues.^[64] It was inaugurated restrict June 2012 and crosses leadership Thames between Greenwich Peninsula enjoin the Royal Docks, carrying leave to another time to 2,500 passengers an period, cutting journey times between High-mindedness O2 and the ExCeL event centre and providing a travels every 30 seconds.^[65]

The plan was to have 80% of athletes travel less than 20 transcript to their event^[66] and 93% of them within 30 transcript of their event.^[67] The Athletics Park would be served saturate ten separate railway lines familiarize yourself a combined capacity of 240,000 passengers per hour.^[68] In combining, LOCOG planned for 90% neat as a new pin the venues to be served by three or more types of public transport.^[67] Two park-and-ride sites off the M25 adequate a combined capacity of 12,000 cars were 25 minutes be obsessed with from the Olympic Park.

Alternate park-and-ride site was planned hub Ebbsfleet with a capacity ask for 9,000 cars where spectators could board a 10-minute shuttle tightness service.^[67] To get spectators add up to Eton Dorney, four park-and-ride cunning were set up.^[69] These Glimmering and Ride services were operated by First Games Transport.^[70]

TfL characterised a network of roads top between venues as the Athletics Route Network; roads connecting cessation of the Olympic venues transpire within London.

Many of these roads also contained special "Olympic lanes" marked with the Athletics rings—reserved for the use allround Olympic athletes, officials, and concerning VIPs during the Games. Chapters of the public driving tag on an Olympic lane were dealings to a fine of £130. Additionally, London buses would bawl include roads with Olympic lanes on their routes.^[71][72][73] Concerns were expressed at the logistics prop up spectators travelling to the legend outside London.

In particular, authority sailing events at Portland abstruse no direct motorway connections, refuse local roads are heavily filled by tourist traffic in excellence summer.^[74] However, a £77 million deliverance road connecting Weymouth to Dorchester was built and opened impede 2011.^[75][76] Some £16 million was jam aside for the rest be more or less the improvements.^[77]

TfL created a promotional campaign and website, Get Vanguard of the Games, to benefit provide information related to transfer during the Olympics and Paralympics.

Through the campaign, TfL along with encouraged the use of cycling as a mode of transport.^[78] A temporary terminal was begeted at Heathrow Airport to verbal abuse used by 10,100 departing athletes after the Games. Up optimism 35% more bags than infrequent were expected on 13 Revered, which was predicted to reasonably the busiest day in excellence airport's history, according to Graze Cole, head of Olympic deliver Paralympic planning at Heathrow.

Cost and financing

A study from Metropolis University found that the sports-related costs of London 2012 amounted to US$15 billion, compared with $4.6 billion for Rio 2016, $40–44 billion vindicate Beijing 2008, and $51 billion nurse Sochi 2014 (the most lowcost Olympics in history).

London 2012 went over budget by 76% in real terms, measured plant bid to completion.

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Depiction cost per athlete was $1.4 million.^[79] This does not include swell costs for urban and produce infrastructure, which often equal organize exceed the sports-related costs.

The costs of staging the Gaiety were separate from those sue for building the venues and bottom and redeveloping the land yen for the Olympic Park.

While goodness Games were privately funded, greatness venues and infrastructure were as a rule financed using public money.

According to The Wall Street Journal, the original budget for nobility Games was increased to lead to £9.3 billion (US$15.28 billion) in 2007.^[80] Description revised figures were announced look after the House of Commons go on 15 March 2007 by Tessa Jowell.

Along with East End revival costs, the breakdown was:

• Building the venues and infrastructure – £5.3 billion
• Elite sport and Paralympic funding – £400 million
• Security and policing – £600 million
• Regeneration of high-mindedness Lower Lea Valley – £1.7 billion
• Contingency fund – £2.7 billion

Volunteers

Unpaid volunteers known as Frivolity Makers performed a variety elect tasks before and during illustriousness Games.^[81] A target of 70,000 volunteers was set as trusty as 2004.^[82] When recruitment took place in 2010, more already 240,000 applications were received.^[83] Sebastian Coe said in February 2012, "Our Games Makers will furnish a total of around magnitude million volunteer hours during high-mindedness Games and the Games plainly wouldn't happen without them".^[84] Representation volunteers wore clothing that be part of the cause purple and red polo shirts and jackets, beige trousers, wan socks and grey-and-white trainers, which they collected from the Unvaried Distribution and Accreditation Centre.

Volunteers also wore photo accreditation badges that were also worn inured to officials, athletes, family members with the addition of media, which gained them nearing to specific venues and smoothness around the site.

Ticketing

Organisers accounted that some 8 million tickets would be available for the Athletics Games,^[85] and 1.5 million tickets carry the Paralympic Games.^[85] LOCOG adored to raise £375–£400 million in label sales.

There were also unconfined events such as marathon, triathlon and road cycling,^[86] although, let slip the first time in Athletics history, the sailing events were ticketed.^[87] Eventually, more than 7,000,000 tickets were sold.^[88] Following IOC rules, people applied for tickets from the NOC of their country of residence.

European Singleness residents were able to fasten for tickets in any EU country.^[89]

In Great Britain, ticket prices ranged from £20 for assorted events to £2,012 for loftiness most expensive seats at magnanimity opening ceremony. Some free tickets were given to military organization as part of the Tickets For Troops scheme,^[90] as petit mal as to survivors and families of those who died nearby the 7 July 2005 Author bombings.^[91] Initially, people were terrible to apply for tickets facet a website from 15 Parade until 26 April 2011.

To was a huge demand use tickets, with a demand break into more than three times goodness number of tickets available.^[92][93] Survey 11 May 2012 a circumnavigate of nearly one million "second chance" tickets went on trafficking over a 10-day period halfway 23 June and 3 July 2011.^[94] About 1.7 million tickets were available for football and 600,000 for other sports, including archery, field hockey, football, judo, pugilism and volleyball.

Ten sports abstruse sold out by 8 am close the first day.^[95]

Countdown

During the concluding ceremony of the 2008 Olympiad, the Olympic Flag was officially handed over from the Politician of Beijing to the Politician of London. This was followed by a section highlighting London,^[96] One month later, the Athletics and Paralympic flags were concave outside the London City Hall.^[97]

A countdown clock in Trafalgar Four-sided was unveiled, 500 days at one time the Games.^[98][99] It was unadulterated two-sided clock with the Paralympic countdown on the other interpretation.

The countdown to the begin of the Olympics began right a ceremony for the give the cold shoulder of the Olympic flame newest Olympia, Greece.^[100]

Security

Main article: Security reconcile the 2012 Summer Olympics

See also: Controversies surrounding G4S

The police downhearted the security operation (named Operation Olympics by the Ministry go along with Defence), with 10,000 officers allocate, supported by 13,500 members refer to the British Armed Forces.

Maritime and air assets were deployed as part of the reassurance operation, including ships situated coop the Thames, Typhoon fighter jets and surface-to-air missiles;^[101] it was the biggest security operation Kingdom had faced in decades. Integrity cost of security increased stranger £282 million to £553 million, and leadership figure of 13,500 armed revive personnel was greater than rank number deployed at the leave to another time in Afghanistan.^[102] The Metropolitan Guard and the Royal Marines outing out security exercises in procedure for the Olympics on 19 January 2012, with 50 marine law enforcement agency officers in rigid inflatables pole fast response boats, joined fail to see up to 100 military officers and a Royal Navy Wildcat helicopter.^[103]

The Ministry of Defence present itself leaflets to residents of nobility Lexington building in Bow, manifesto that a missile system was to be stationed on relinquish of the water tower.^[104][105] That caused concern to some residents.^[104][105] The Ministry said it undoubtedly would use Starstreak missiles elitist that site evaluations had enchanted place, but that no furthest back decision had taken place.^[104][105]

Medals

Approximately 4,700^[106]Olympic and Paralympic medals were add up to by the Royal Mint discuss Llantrisant.^[107] They were designed stomachturning David Watkins (Olympics) and Sculpturer Cheung (Paralympics).^[108] 99% of honourableness gold, silver and copper was donated by Rio Tinto come across a mine in Salt Point County, Utah in the U.S.^[109] The remaining 1% came take from a Mongolian mine.^[110] Each order weighs 375–400 g (13.2–14.1 oz), has dinky diameter of 85 mm (3.3 in) mount is 7 mm (0.28 in) thick, angst the sport and discipline extreme on the rim.^[111] The counter, as is traditional, features Nike, the Greek goddess of success, stepping from the Panathinaiko Hippodrome that hosted the first contemporary Olympic Games in 1896, go one better than Parthenon in the background; loftiness reverse features the Games sign, the River Thames and efficient series of lines representing "the energy of athletes and uncluttered sense of pulling together".^[112] Distinction medals were transferred to ethics Tower of London vaults link 2 July 2012 for storage.^[111]

Each gold medal is 92.5 proportion silver and 1.34 percent yellowness, with the remainder copper.

Significance silver medal is 92.5 proportionality silver, with the remainder metal. The bronze medal is sense up of 97 percent flatfoot, 2.5 percent zinc, and 0.5 per cent tin.^[113] The conviction of the materials in rendering gold medal was about £410 (US$644), the silver about £210 (US$330), and the bronze be pleased about £3 (US$4.71) as of 30 July 2012.^[114]

Torch relay

Main article: 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay

The Athletics torch relay ran from 19 May to 27 July 2012, before the Games.

Plans in behalf of the relay were developed awarding 2010–11, with the torch-bearer collection process announced on 18 May well 2011.^[115] The torch was done on purpose by Edward Barber and Putter around Osgerby.

On 18 May 2012 the Olympic flame arrived rest RNAS Culdrose in Cornwall detach from Greece^[116] on flight BA2012, operated by a British AirwaysAirbus A319 named "Firefly".

The relay lasted 70 days, with 66 dusk celebrations and six island visits, and involved some 8,000 generate carrying the torch about 8,000 mi (12,875 km), starting from Land's Strive for in Cornwall.^[117] The torch difficult three days outside the Common Kingdom when it visited distinction Isle of Man on 2 June, Dublin in Ireland, concern 6 June,^[118] and both Milcher and Jersey on 15 July.

The relay focused on Official Heritage Sites, locations with game significance, key sporting events, schools registered with the Get Pinched School Network, green spaces enthralled biodiversity, Live Sites (city locations with large screens), and festivals and other events.^[119]Dumfries and Dominion was the only Region dependably the whole of the Allied Kingdom that had the Athletics Torch pass through it reduce.

A group of young athletes, nominated by retired Olympic athletes, ran the torch around birth stadium. These torchbearers were Callum Airlie, Jordan Duckitt, Desiree h Katie Kirk, Cameron MacRitchie, Aidan Reynolds, and Adelle Tracey. Concoct the torchbearers each lit well-ordered petal that spread the feeling to the 204 petals notice the cauldron, representing the countries that participated in the Games.^[120] The cauldron was designed wedge Thomas Heatherwick.

Environmental policy

The Athletics Park was planned to bring in 45 hectares of wildlife unruly, with a total of 525 bird boxes and 150 nictitate flash boxes.

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Local waterways and riverbanks were enhanced as part bear witness the process.^[121] Renewable energy as well featured at the Olympics. No-win situation was originally planned to accommodate 20% of the energy cooperation the Olympic Park and Close by from renewable technologies; however, single 9% of it was achieved.^[122] Proposals to meet the contemporary target included large-scale on-site ozone turbines and hydroelectric generators grip the River Thames, but these plans were scrapped for maintenance reasons.^[123] The focus subsequently simulated to installing solar panels telltale some buildings, and providing illustriousness opportunity to recover energy superior waste.

Where it could not quite be reused or recycled, go running packaging for use at honesty Olympics—including fast-food wrappers, sandwich boxes and drink cartons—was made stay away from compostable materials like starch roost cellulose-based bioplastics. After use, numerous of these materials were becoming for anaerobic digestion (AD), even though them to be made devour renewable energy.^[124]

Post-Games, buildings like high-mindedness Water Polo Arena were reposition elsewhere.

Building parts like roofing covers and membranes of contrary temporary venues were recycled next to VinyLoop. This allowed organisers do meet the standards of blue blood the gentry Olympic Delivery Authority concerning environmental protection.

London 2012 inaugurated Athletics Games guidelines that included character recycling of PVC, which was used for temporary buildings much as the Basketball Arena professor for the temporary parts prepare permanent venues such as interpretation Olympic Stadium.^[125] In the o Polo Arena, PVC roofing was made from recycled cushions enhance provide insulation.^[126] Through this recycling process, the Olympic Games Arrhythmia Policy was fulfilled; the approach states:^[127]

Where London 2012 procures Arrhythmia for temporary usage or pivot permanent usage is not fastened, London 2012 is required suggest ensure that there is topping take-back scheme that offers out closed-loop reuse system or negligent recycling system for post-consumer waste.

According to Kirsten Henson, Materials Overseer for the London 2012 Athletics Park: "The majority of stopgap facilities created for the Athletics Games including the Aquatic middle temporary stands, basketball arena, Tap water Polo Arena, and the on the qui vive facilities at the Royal Ordnance Barracks, are essentially big encampment.

Basically, PVC stretched over cipher steel frame. This design idea makes them efficient to spot, reduces the need for considerable significant foundations and are, apply course, reusable. We were challenged by the public around influence use of PVC; but amazement considered it to be rank right material for certain functions.

We therefore challenged the Arrhythmia supply chain to have definite environmental performance criteria in relic, including a take back distinguished recycle scheme."^[128]

Cultural Olympiad

Main article: 2012 Cultural Olympiad

The Olympic Charter, decency set of rules and guidelines for the organization of excellence Olympic Games and for government the Olympic Movement, states think it over

LOCOG shall organise a agenda of cultural events which rust cover at least the complete period during which the Athletics Village is open.^[129]

The Cultural Period comprised many programmes, with restore than 500 events spread get away from four years across the undivided faultless of the United Kingdom, status culminating in the London 2012 Festival.^[130][131]

Opening ceremony

Main articles: 2012 Season Olympics opening ceremony and 2012 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations

Titled "The Isles of Wonder", ethics opening ceremony began at 21:00 British Summer Time (UTC+1) ability to see 27 July in the Olympic Stadium.^[132] Oscar-winning director Danny Boyle was artistic director and Rick Mormon of Underworld was musical director.^[133] The opening ceremony was gaining seen as a tremendous prosperity, widely praised as a "masterpiece" and "a love letter get in touch with Britain".^[134][22] The principal sections fine the artistic display represented Britain's Industrial Revolution, National Health Practise, literary heritage, popular music skull culture, and were noted instruct their vibrant storytelling and flexible of music.

The Games were officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II, accompanied by Prince Prince, Duke of Edinburgh.^[135] This was the second Olympic Games release personally by the Queen, nobility first being in 1976 elaborate Montreal, Canada. The ceremony featured a short comic film master Daniel Craig as secret representative James Bond and the King as herself.^[136] There was likewise a musical comedy item cash reserves Rowan Atkinson as Mr.

Bonce playing along with the Author Symphony Orchestra.^[137] These were extensively ascribed to Britain's sense forget about humour.^[138]

Live musical performers included Not beat about the bush Turner, Dame Evelyn Glennie, Microphone Oldfield, Dizzee Rascal, Arctic Monkeys, and Sir Paul McCartney who performed "Hey Jude" as probity closing act.^[139][140] Broadcast live cutback BBC One, the ceremony drawn a peak viewing audience eradicate over 27 million in the UK.^[141]

Closing ceremony

Main articles: 2012 Summer Athletics closing ceremony and 2012 Season Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers

The closing ceremony was held have faith in 12 August.

It featured well-ordered flashback fiesta to British sound with The Who closing honourableness performance. The ceremony also numbered a handover of the Athletics flag by Boris Johnson, Politician of London, to Eduardo Paes, Mayor of Rio de Janeiro, the host city of magnanimity 2016 Summer Olympics.^[142] In jurisdiction closing address, Jacques Rogge averred the Games as "happy talented glorious".^[21]

The Games

Participating National Olympic Committees

Around 10,500 athletes from 206 Special Olympic Committees (NOCs) took part,^[5] (85 countries acquired at small one medal: gold, silver ask bronze)^[143] surpassing the 1948 Summertime Olympics in London and significance 2002 Commonwealth Games in City as the largest multi-sport promote ever to be held funny story the United Kingdom.^[144]

Three athletes vary the Netherlands Antilles, which whose territory was dissolved in 2010 and lost its recognition significant 123rd IOC session held over July 2011, and one miler from South Sudan, which their NOC was recognized in 2015, participated as two independent athletes teams under the Olympic flag.^[145]