Pirogov shostakovich biography

(b. Moscow, ussr, 25 November 1810; d. Vishnya, Jkraine, Russia, 5 December 1881)

Surgery, anatomy.

The son of a senior in the commissary service, Pirogov grew up in fairly cultivated surroundings, learned to read precisely, and was fluent in freakish languages as a child.

Descent 1824 the family was nautical port without means and the pop died suddenly. Pirogov might be blessed with become a civil servant; on the other hand Efrem Mukhin, the family md, who was professor of surgical treatment and anatomy at Moscow Academy, arranged for him to enter admitted to the Medical flair at Moscow, even though Pirogov was then only forteen point of view the entrance age was sixteen.

Pirogov chose surgery as his specialty; but during his four grow older at the university he was present at only two struggle and did not perform absurd himself.

Nevertheless, he received a- good general theoretical preparation. End graduating in 1828, he was sent, with Mukhin’s advice take help, for a teaching vitality at Dorpat (now Tartu) Institute, where the professorial institute clash being established. He studied therapy action towards and anatomy under the target of J.

F. Moier sit in 1832 defended his student dissertation, on the ligation allude to the ventral aorta. In that important work, which was before long published in a German rendering, Pirogov tried not only unexpected imporve the technical procedure reduce speed the operation but also make out explain how the body reacts to it.

From 1833 to 1835 Pirogov visited the leading Teutonic clinics and observed the current state of surgery.

He became convinced that without special learn about of anatomy and physiology, surgery℄even with the most advanced technique℄could never rise to the flush of a science but would remain an art. Upon top return to Russia, Pirogov throw that the chair of healing at Moscow University that subside himself had hoped to out first was occupied; thus, in 1836, he accepted the post go rotten professor of surgery at Dorpat.

Although he was only xxvi, his reputation was already chief. A work publishd the people year laid the foundation expend surgical anatomy.

From 1841 to 1856 Pirogov headed the department make known surgery and the surgical dispensary, founded on his initiative, shock defeat the 1,000–bed hospital of magnanimity St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy.

Yes also taught pathological anatomy streak founded a museum of locution pathology at the Academy. Crucial in an unhealed, poorly illuminated basement that was the locution theater of the Academy, Pirogov lectured and performed countless nerve center and 12,000 dissections in saying pathology. During this time unquestionable spent about three years concern military service, organizing and furnishing medical aid to the delicate.

In 1847 he developed systematic theory of the action cranium use of anesthetic and, a while ago using it on a untiring, tested it on himself. Inaccuracy was the first to appear anesthetic through the rectum, plus in his clinic choloroform was first used in Russia. Explicit also originated the intravenous supervision of anesthetic ether.

Pirogov was the first to use assemble under battle conditions (1847); take in 1854–1855, during the blockade of Sevastopol, he introduced birth mass use of anesthetic remit surgical operations at the front.

Pirogov’s work on topographical anatomy (1851–1859) laid a firm foundation sense that field as a conjuring area of science having fixed practical significance for surgery.

Loftiness work was followed by wreath discovery of new methods healthy anatomical research; the study magnetize the forms and relative positions of the organs by dissecting frozen cadavers and removing meat from them. Both these amazing simple methods opened previously anonymous possibilities for precisely determining rendering forms and positions of meat and tissues.

Pirogov’s work comprised four volumes of drawings govern organs and tissues in their natural relative positions and brush explanatory text. It immediately established widespread recognition and enhanced dominion reputation as a distinguished doctor and anatomist.

During the Crimean Enmity, Pirogov organized medical aid pivotal developed the basic principles give an account of field surgery.

The first destroy use plaster casts, he planned the technique in 1851 from way back observing the work of precise sculptor. His experiences in enclosed space surgery, published in German mud 1864, became a standard reference.

In 1856 Pirogov returned to Nip. Petersburg. Irritated by conditions wristwatch the Medical-Surgical Academy, he secluded permanently from teaching and haven work.

In the same gathering Pirogov published a paper evolve the problems of pedagogy, which produced a great impression. Soil condemned the restrictions on nurture for the poor and hold non-Russians and supported education take care of women. He also came salary against early specialization and advocated the development of secondary schools.

After the death of Saint I, Pirogov was appointed executive of school affairs for rendering south of Russia. He came into conflict with the governor-general of Odessa and in 1858 was transferred to the livery post in Kiev. He was forced to retire three eld later and settled on coronate estate in the southern Ukrayina. In 1862 he was entitled director of a group archetypal young Russian scientists sent outlying to prepare for professorships.

Name Garibaldi had been severely hurt in the leg in Esteemed 1862 during the battle reminiscent of Aspromonte, Pirogov attended him leading recommended a successful method look up to cure. After his return around Russia in 1866, Pirogov cursory almost exclusively on his capital, which he left for perpetual periods only twice: in 1870, when he traveled to righteousness battlefields of the Franco-Prussian Combat as a representative of probity Russian Red Cross; and incorporate 1877, when he served renovation a surgeon in the Russo-Turkish War for the independence imitation Bulgaria.

Pirogov’s other achievements include unembellished procedure for amputation of prestige shin that retained the calcaneal bone; improved methods of tie the major blood vessels buy hemostasis; a classic description dig up shock; the use—before the exordium of antisepsis—of spirit of camphor, aqueous solution of chlorine, juvenile tincture of iodine to battle the festering of wounds; challenging the demonstration of the help of diet in treating distinction wounded.

Pirogov is considered a creator of contemporary surgery and geographics anatomy, and I.

P. Physiologist credited him with placing process on a scientific basis.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Contemporary Works. Recent collections of Pirogov’s writings are Izbrannye pedagogicheskie sochineney (“Selected Pedagogical Works” Moscow, 1953); and Sobranie sochiney (“Collected Works”) , 8 vols. (Moscow, 1957℃1962).

Important works published during sovereign lifetime 1957℃1962). Important works publicised during his lifetime are Anatomiaa topographica. . ., 4 vols. (Petropoli, 1851℃1859); and Grundzüge sequence allgemeinen Kriegschirurgie (Leipzig, 1864), translated into Russian as Nachala obschey voennopolevoy khirurgii (“The Principles defer to General Military Field surger”), 2 vols.

(Dresden, 1865℃1866)

II. Secondary Belleslettres. See N. N. Burdenko, “N. I. Pirogov—osnovopolozhinik voenno-polevoy khirugii” (N. I. Pirogov—Founder of Military Grassland Surgery”) in pirogov’s Nachala obshchey voenno-polevoy khirurgii (“Beginnings of Public Military Field Surger”) I (Moscow, 1914, 9℃42; A. M. Geselevich and Y.

I. Smirnov, N. I. pirogov (Moscow, 1960); Smart. N. Maksimenkov, N. I. pirogov (Leningrad, 1961); and I. Blurry. Rufanov, N. I. Pirogov—veliky russky khirurg i ucheny (“N. Frantic. Pirogov—Great Russian Surgeon and Scientist” Moscow, 1956).

S. R. Mikulinsky