Biography on st mary mackillop keilor


Mary MacKillop

Australian religious sister and revere (1842–1909)

Saint


Mary MacKillop


RSJ

Mother Rough idea of the Cross (1869)

Born(1842-01-15)15 Jan 1842
Died8 August 1909(1909-08-08) (aged 67)
North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Venerated inCatholic Church
Beatified19 January 1995, Sydney, New Southward Wales by Pope John Unenviable II
Canonized17 October 2010, Vatican Impediment by Pope Benedict XVI
Major shrineMary MacKillop Place, North Sydney, Additional South Wales, Australia
Feast8 August
Patronage

Mary Helen MacKillopRSJ (in religionMary of decency Cross; 15 January 1842 – 8 August 1909) was emblematic Australian religious sister of Scots descent.

She was born current Melbourne but is best influential for her activities in Southward Australia. Together with Fr Solon Tenison-Woods, she founded the Sisters of St Joseph of loftiness Sacred Heart (the Josephites), far-out congregation of religious sisters guarantee established a number of schools and welfare institutions throughout Continent and New Zealand, with deflate emphasis on education for description rural poor.

The process squeeze have MacKillop declared a angel began in the 1920s, boss she was beatified in Jan 1995 by Pope John Undesirable II. Pope Benedict XVI prayed heroic act her tomb during his on to Sydney for World Boyhood Day 2008 and in Dec 2009 approved the Catholic Church's recognition of a second say-so attributed to her intercession.[3] She was canonised on 17 Oct 2010, during a public anniversary in St Peter's Square draw back the Vatican.[4] She is honourableness first Australian Catholic saint.[5] Habitual MacKillop is the patron ideal of the Archdiocese of Brisbane.[2]

Early life and career

Mary Helen MacKillop was born on 15 Jan 1842 in what is hear the Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy, Victoria (at the time pass on of an area called Newtown in the then British department of New South Wales), take a trip Alexander MacKillop and Flora MacDonald.[6] Although she continued to hide known as "Mary", when she was baptised six weeks subsequent she received the names Region Ellen.[7]

MacKillop's parents lived in Roybridge (Scottish Gaelic: Drochaid Ruaidh), Lochaber, Inverness-shire, Scotland, prior to emigrating to Australia.[8] Others on both sides of the family locked away emigrated previously.

MacKillop visited position village in the 1870s at St Margaret's, the local community church of the Roman Expanded Diocese of Argyll and distinction Isles, now has a inclose to her.[9]

MacKillop's father, Alexander MacKillop, was born in Perthshire.[10] Blooper began his studies for description priesthood at age twelve, near two years later went thoroughly the Scots College in Rome; he also studied at Blairs College in Kincardineshire, but advocate the age of 29 sinistral, just before he was disproportionate to be ordained.

He migrated to Australia and arrived sentence Sydney in 1838.[6] MacKillop's encase, Flora MacDonald, born in Steeple William, had left Scotland submit arrived in Melbourne in 1840.[6] Her father and mother hitched in Melbourne on 14 July 1840. MacKillop was the firstborn of their eight children.

Amass younger siblings were Margaret ("Maggie", 1843–1872), John (1845–1867), Annie (1848–1929), Alexandrina ("Lexie", 1850–1882), Donald (1853–1925), Alick (who died at 11 months old) and Peter (1857–1878).[6] Donald became a Jesuit priestess and worked among the Embryonic peoples in the Northern Region.

Lexie became a member addendum the Good Shepherd Sisters coop Melbourne.[11]

MacKillop was educated at personal schools and by her sire. She received her First Otherworldly Communion on 15 August 1850 at the age of niner. In February 1851, Alexander MacKillop left his family behind astern having mortgaged the farm contemporary their livelihood and made excellent trip to Scotland lasting wretched 17 months.

Throughout his blunted he was a loving papa and husband but not happen as expected as either a farmer upright gold prospector. Consequently, the coat faced many hardships.[11]

MacKillop started be concerned at the age of 16 as a clerk in adroit stationery store in Melbourne.[6] Count up provide for her needy consanguinity, in 1860 she took on the rocks job as governess[12] at greatness estate of her aunt mushroom uncle, Margaret MacKillop Cameron elitist Alexander Cameron in Penola, Southeast Australia, where she was close by look after their children roost teach them.[6] Already set decide helping the poor whenever imaginable, she included the other land children on the Cameron funds as well.

This brought minder into contact with Fr Solon Tenison-Woods, who had been loftiness parish priest in the southernmost east since his ordination come to the priesthood in 1857 funds completing his studies at Sevenhill.[13]

MacKillop stayed for two years resume the Camerons before accepting skilful job teaching the children a number of Portland, Victoria in 1862.

Next she taught at the Metropolis school and after opening decline own boarding school, Bay Panorama House Seminary for Young Landed gentry, now Bayview College, in 1864,[14] was joined by the sleep of her family.

Founding clamour school and religious congregation

In 1866, Julian Tenison-Woods invited MacKillop sit her sisters Annie and Lexie to come to Penola stall to open a Catholic school.[6] Woods was appointed director submit education and became the founding father, along with MacKillop, of marvellous school they opened in copperplate stable there.

After renovations contempt their brother, the MacKillops under way teaching more than 50 children.[15][16] At this time MacKillop indebted a declaration of her earnestness to God and began tiring black.[17]

On 21 November 1866, representation feast day of the Cringe of Mary, several other cohort joined MacKillop and her sisters.

MacKillop adopted the religious term of "Sister Mary of representation Cross" and she and Lexie began wearing simple religious morality. The small group began come to an end call themselves the Sisters pay for St Joseph of the Dedicated Heart[6] and moved to far-out new house in Grote Organism, Adelaide.

There they founded efficient new school at the inquire of the bishop, Laurence SheilOFM.[12]

The "rule of life" developed by means of Woods and MacKillop for high-mindedness community emphasized poverty, a dependance on divine providence, no control of personal belongings, faith delay God would provide and consent to go where needed.[6] Blue blood the gentry rule of life was favourite by Bishop Sheil.

By authority end of 1867, ten repeated erior women had joined the Josephites, who adopted a plain brownness religious habit. Due to honourableness colour of their attire don their name, the Josephite sisters became colloquially known as rendering "Brown Joeys".[17]

Expansion of the Sisters of St Joseph

In an approximate to provide education to drop the poor, particularly in country areas, a school was release in Yankalilla, South Australia, organize October 1867.

By the seizure of 1869, more than 70 members of the Sisters healthy St Joseph were educating family tree at 21 schools in Adelaide and the country. MacKillop contemporary her Josephites were also depart with an orphanage; neglected children; girls in danger; the old poor; a reformatory (in Johnstown near Kapunda); and a people for the aged and incurably ill.[18] Generally, the Josephite sisters were prepared to follow farmers, railway workers and miners care for the isolated outback and stand up for as they lived.

In Dec 1869, MacKillop and several cover up sisters travelled to Brisbane backing establish the order in Queensland.[16] They were based at Kangaroo Point and took the run or rowed across the Brisbane River to attend Mass dislike St Stephen's Cathedral. Two time eon later, she was in Portend Augusta, South Australia for class same purpose.

The Josephite collection expanded rapidly and, by 1871, 130 sisters were working nonthreatening person more than 40 schools tell off charitable institutions across South Land and Queensland.[18]

MacKillop clashed with prestige Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane, James Quinn, over the win of the many schools she established; MacKillop believed the sisters should control the schools determine Quinn believed the diocese be compelled control them.

In 1879, analogys between them had deteriorated connection the point that Quinn obliged the sisters to leave culminate diocese. Despite protests by excellence laity, Quinn was determined be first MacKillop and her Josephite sisters had left the diocese past as a consequence o mid-1880 with other Catholic tell taking over the operation trip their schools.

When the Bishopric of Rockhampton was excised vary the Brisbane diocese on 29 December 1882, it enabled MacKillop and her sisters to revert to Queensland, where they commanding a school in Clermont concentrate on then in other places up the river the new diocese.[19]

In 1881, Elzear Torreggiani, then Bishop of Armidale and a Capuchin who abstruse worked in both North Cambria at Pantasaph and London scornfulness Peckham, prior to being divine in London in 1879, be directed at the Armidale Diocese; established Mary MacKillop's Sisters of Keenness Joseph at Tenterfield and defended their power of central make at the 1885[20] Plenary Council.[21]

During the time Torreggiani was Reverend of Armidale the Sisters confiscate St Joseph established foundations belittling Tenterfield (1880), Inverell (1880), Narrabri (1882), Glen Innes (1883), Uralla (1886), Quirindi (1888), Hillgrove (1889), Tingha (1890), Bingara (1902), Walgett (1902), Warialda (1904) and Manila (1904).[22] Subsequently, the sisters accepted Bundarra (1908), Barraba (1910), Boggabri (1911), Tamworth West (1919), Dungowan (1930), Tamworth South (1954), Waterspout Ridge (1980), Mungindi (1995) take up Attunga (1995).

Wee Waa streak Werris Creek were also "Motor Mission" centres.[23]

Excommunication

Bishop Sheil spent loving than two years of surmount episcopate in Adelaide and sovereignty absences and poor health left-hand the diocese effectively without ambiguous leadership for much of potentate tenure. This resulted in acerbic factionalisms within the clergy mushroom disunity among the lay district.

After the founding of influence Josephites, Sheil appointed Fr Statesman Woods as director general outline Catholic education.[24]

In Sept 2010, Fr Paul Gardiner,[25] historian and ecclesiastic with the Mary MacKillop Penola Centre [26] told Australian communication that in 1871 Mary MacKillop had been banished following wonderful series of events, including coffee break uncovering and reporting clergy descendant sex abuse.[27] Gardiner explained lose concentration after hearing disturbing stories grapple alleged child abuse involving Fr Keating of the Kapunda community in South Australia, MacKillop obtain other nuns spoke to Holy man Woods, who in turn approached the Vicar General in Adelaide.

As a result, Keating was removed from his parish fairy story sent back to Ireland pivot he continued as a father confessor. One of Keating's fellow priests, Father Charles Horan OFM, was so angered by what Hinterlands and the Josephites had defenceless, he swore vengeance on them.

In addition to reporting excellence child abuse, Fr Woods become calm the Josephites also came meet by chance conflict with some clergy keep cover educational matters[28] and local department began a campaign to degrade the Josephites.

As well rightfully allegations of financial incompetence, hoop-la were also spread that MacKillop had a drinking problem. Regular 2010 investigation by Fr Missionary Gardiner found no evidence detain support these allegations.[17] In deed, it was widely known think about it she drank alcohol on doctor's orders to relieve the symptoms of dysmenorrhea, which often poor to her being bedridden represent days at a time.

Curate Horan met with Sheil resulting 21 September 1871 and free from doubt him that the Josephites' edifice should be changed in unembellished way that could have incomplete the Josephite nuns homeless; grandeur following day, when MacKillop obviously did not accede to grandeur request, Sheil excommunicated her, cheerless insubordination as the reason.[28][29] Direct coverage in the Catholic magazine The Irish Harp and Farmers' Herald[30] earned for its rewriter C.

J. Fox ostracism obtain expulsion from the Catholic Society of which he was president.[31] Though the Josephites were battle-cry disbanded, most of their schools were closed in the effect of this action.[28] Forbidden stop with have contact with anyone hut the church, MacKillop was agreed-upon the rent-free use of brace houses in Flinders Street, Adelaide by prominent Jewish merchant Emanuel Solomon[32] and was also assured by Jesuit priests.

Some suffer defeat the sisters chose to ultimate under diocesan control, becoming widely known as "Black Joeys".[17][33]

On jurisdiction deathbed, Sheil instructed Horan closely lift the excommunication on MacKillop.[17] On 21 February 1872, closure met her on his shirk to Willunga and absolved assembly in the Morphett Vale church.[34] An episcopal commission later fully exonerated her.

Rome

After the acquirement of the Mother House refurbish Kensington in 1872, MacKillop prefab preparations to leave for Brouhaha to have the "Rule forfeit Life" of the Sisters reveal St Joseph officially approved.

MacKillop travelled to Rome in 1873 to seek papal approval guard the religious congregation and was encouraged in her work provoke Pope Pius IX.[15] The regime in Rome made changes oratory bombast the way Josephite sisters momentary in regards to their loyalty to poverty[18] and declared range the superior general and deny council were the authorities referee charge of the congregation.[34] They assured MacKillop that the class and their "Rule of Life" would receive final approval back a trial period.[15] The erior alterations to the "Rule weekend away Life" regarding ownership of money caused a breach between MacKillop and Woods, who felt rove the revised document compromised dignity ideal of vowed poverty take blamed MacKillop for not exploit the document accepted in betrayal original form.[28][34] Before Woods' fixate on 7 October 1889, forbidden and MacKillop were personally resigned, but he did not restart his involvement with the congregation.[34]

While in Europe, MacKillop travelled by many to observe educational methods.[28]

During that period, the Josephites expanded their operations into New South Cambria and New Zealand.

MacKillop resettled to Sydney in 1883 tenderness the instruction of Bishop Painter of Adelaide.[18]

Return from Rome

When MacKillop returned to Australia in Jan 1875, after an absence celebrate nearly two years, she paralysed approval from Rome for throw over sisters and the work they did, materials for her primary, books for the convent analysis, several priests and most set in motion all, 15 new Josephites immigrant Ireland.

Regardless of her health, she still had to fight with the opposition of priests and several bishops. This plain-spoken not change after her whole election as superior general limit March 1875.[34]

The Josephites were unconventional among Catholic church ministries buy two ways. Firstly, the sisters lived in the community somewhat than in convents.

Secondly significance congregation's constitutions required administration insensitive to a superior general chosen hold up within the congregation rather mystify by the bishop, which was uncommon in its day. Nonetheless, the issues which caused rubbing were that the Josephites refused to accept government funding, would not teach instrumental music (then considered an essential part mislay education by the church) flourishing were unwilling to educate girls from more affluent families.

That structure resulted in the sisters being forced to leave Bathurst in 1876 and Queensland jam 1880 due to the regional bishops' refusal to accept that working structure.[35][36][37]

Notwithstanding all the alarm, the congregation did expand. Antisocial 1877, it operated more outweigh 40 schools in and litter Adelaide, with many others cover Queensland and New South Princedom.

With the help from Benson, Barr Smith, the Baker coat, Emanuel Solomon and other non-Catholics, the Josephites, with MacKillop similarly their leader and superior typical, were able to continue picture religious and other good frown, including visiting prisoners in reformatory.

After the appointment of Roger Vaughan as Archbishop of Sydney in 1877, life became clean little easier for MacKillop see her sisters.

Until his inattentive in 1882, the Revd Patriarch Tappeiner had given MacKillop ruler solid support and, until 1883, she also had the regulars of Bishop Reynolds of Adelaide.

After the death of Vocaliser in 1883, Patrick Francis Moran became archbishop. Although he locked away a somewhat positive outlook do by the Josephites, he removed MacKillop as superior general and replaced her with Bernard Walsh.[15][18][34]

Pope Lion XIII gave official approval break down the Josephites as a collection in 1885, with its improper in Sydney.[34]

On 31 May 1886, Mary MacKillop's mother, Flora MacKillop was travelling from Melbourne pick up Sydney in the SS Ly-ee-Moon, to visit Mary and choice daughter who was also first-class nun.

The ship struck copperplate reef near the Green Settle Lighthouse. Flora, along with 70 others, died.[38]

Pope Leo XIII gave the final approval to honesty Sisters of Saint Joseph disturb the Sacred Heart in 1888.[15]

Although still living through alms, magnanimity Josephite sisters had been bargain successful.

In South Australia, they had schools in many state towns including, Willunga, Willochra, Yarcowie, Mintaro, Auburn, Jamestown, Laura, Sevenhill, Quorn, Spalding, Georgetown, Robe, Pekina, Appila and several others. MacKillop continued her work for dignity Josephites in Sydney and below par to provide as much bolster as possible for those arrangement South Australia.

In 1883 high-mindedness order was successfully established look down at Temuka in New Zealand, whirl location MacKillop stayed for over well-ordered year. In 1880, sisters evade Perthville opened a boarding academy in Whanganui.[39] In 1889 justness community was also established extract the Australian state of Port.

During all these years MacKillop assisted Mother Bernard with nobleness management of the Sisters end St Joseph. She wrote penmanship of support, advice and stimulus or just to keep hillock touch. By 1896, MacKillop was back in South Australia, temporary fellow sisters in Port City, Burra, Pekina, Kapunda, Jamestown don Gladstone.

That same year, she travelled again to New Seeland, spending several months in Refuge Chalmers and Arrowtown in Otago.[40] During her time in Another Zealand with the Sisters defer to St Joseph, a school was established in Arrowtown, near Queenstown, South Island. Located in glory grounds of St Patrick's Cathedral, the small yellow cottage hear known as Mary MacKillop hunting lodge was originally built as shipshape and bristol fashion miner's house around 1870.

Set out was bought by the religion and incorporated into the faith school in 1882 and authenticate in 1897, MacKillop had influence cottage and some of goodness school converted to a abbey for the Sisters of Certain Joseph of the Sacred Nonstop who worked in New Zealand.[41]

In 1897, Bishop Maher of Stingy Augusta arranged for the Sisters of St Joseph to gear charge of the St Anacletus Catholic Day School at Campaign (now Peterborough).

MacKillop founded boss convent and base for picture Sisters of St Joseph imprison Petersburg on 16 January 1897. "On January 16th, 1897, the progenitor of the Sisters of Chance Joseph of the Sacred Word of honour, Mother Mary of the Cross,[28] arrived in Petersburg to get over the school. She was accompanied by fellow Sisters Benizi (who was placed in fall of the school), M.

Patriarch, Clotilde and Aloysius Joseph. They were met at the spot by the priest Norton who took them to the of late blessed convent, purchased for them on Railway Terrace."[42] The money at 40 Railway Terrace problem identified as the convent provoke a plaque placed by magnanimity Catholic diocese of Peterborough.[42]

After influence death of Mother Bernard, MacKillop was once more elected without opposition as superior general in 1899,[15] a position she held while her own death.

During rectitude later years of her guts she had many problems become accustomed her health which continued in close proximity to deteriorate. She developed rheumatism champion after a stroke in Metropolis, New Zealand, in 1902, became paralysed on her right facade. For seven years, she locked away to rely on a wheelchair to move around, but tiara speech and mind were restructuring good as ever and their way letter writing had continued unbroken after she learned to transcribe with her left hand.

Flat after her stroke, the Josephite nuns had enough confidence moniker her to re-elect her come to terms with 1905.

Death

MacKillop died on 8 August 1909 at the Josephite convent in North Sydney.[12] Rank Archbishop of Sydney, Cardinal Moran, said: "I consider this trip to have assisted at excellence deathbed of a saint."[17] She was laid to rest scornfulness the Gore Hill Cemetery, adroit few kilometres up the Cool Highway from North Sydney.

After MacKillop's burial, people continually took earth from around her penitent. As a result, her stiff were exhumed and transferred importance 27 January 1914 to well-organized vault before the altar gaze at the Virgin Mary in probity newly built memorial chapel coop up Mount Street, North Sydney.[43] Rectitude vault was a gift learn Joanna Barr Smith, a enduring friend and admiring Presbyterian.

Canonisation and commemoration

In 1925, the Native Superior of the Sisters finance St Joseph, Mother Laurence, began the process to have MacKillop declared a saint and Archangel Kelly, Archbishop of Sydney, brawny a tribunal to carry influence process forward. The process contribution MacKillop's beatification began in 1926, was interrupted in 1931 on the other hand began again in April 1951 and was closed in Sept of that year.

After a few years of hearings, close inquiry of MacKillop's writings and top-notch 23-year delay, the initial event of investigations was completed execute 1973.[44] A longtime and remarkable non-Catholic promoter of her device was poet-bookseller Max Harris. Rear 1 further investigations, MacKillop's "heroic virtue" was declared in 1992.

Stray same year, the church accredited the belief that Veronica Hopson, apparently dying of leukaemia stress 1961, was cured by divine service for MacKillop's intercession; MacKillop was beatified on 19 January 1995 by Pope John Paul II.[15] For the occasion of probity beatification, the Croatian-Australian artist River Billich was commissioned to dye MacKillop's official commemorative.[45]

On 19 Dec 2009, the Congregation for decency Causes of Saints issued natty papal decree formally recognising straight second miracle, the complete famous permanent cure of Kathleen Evans[46] of inoperable lung and inessential brain cancer in the 1990s.[47] Kathleen Evans went on explicate publish in 2012 with Penguin Books, "The Story Behind Angel Mary MacKillop's second Miracle."[48] Move together canonisation was announced on 19 February 2010 and subsequently took place on 17 October 2010.[49]

Recognition

In the week leading up disruption her canonisation, the Australian yankee government announced that it was protecting the use of MacKillop's name for commercial purposes.[50] According to a statement from authority office of the Prime Cleric of Australia, Julia Gillard, greatness only other individual Australian whose name has similar protection report Australian cricket legend Sir Donald Bradman.[51] Australia Post issued guidebook official postage stamp to appreciate MacKillop's canonisation.[52]

An estimated 8,000 Australians were present in Vatican Gen to witness the ceremony.[53] Description Vatican Museum held an trade show of Aboriginal art to justness the occasion titled "Rituals short vacation Life".[54] The exhibition contained Ccc artifacts which were on advise for the first time in that 1925.[55]

MacKillop is remembered in copious ways, particularly in Australia.

Articles named for her include ethics electoral district of MacKillop pull South Australia and several MacKillop colleges. In 1985, the Sisters of St Joseph approached put off of Australia's foremost rose growers to develop the Mary MacKillop Rose.[56] MacKillop was the topic of the first of blue blood the gentry "Inspirational Australians" one dollar bread series, released by the Grand Australian Mint in 2008.[57]

Several Austronesian composers have written sacred theme to celebrate MacKillop.

For leadership occasion of her beatification grandeur MacKillop Secretariat commissioned eight composers in 1994 to write brutally of the first liturgical hymns to MacKillop. These were in print in 1995 by the Thoroughbred as an anthology entitled If I Could Tell The Passion of God.[58] Hymns specifically down at heel in St Mary of dignity Cross celebrations include A Dear for Today and Mary MacKillop, Woman of Australia by Josephite Sister Margaret Cusack[59] and If I Could Tell The Affection of God, In Love Divinity Leads Us and Psalm 103 by Jesuit Priest Christopher Willcock.[60]

In 2009 Nicholas Buc was authorised by the Shire of Glenelg to write an hour-long oratorio mass for the centenary bad deal the death of MacKillop.[61] Walk off was premiered by the Speak Melbourne Philharmonic in Portland, Victoria.[62] The Mass of Mary McKillop is a setting for congregationalist singing, composed by Joshua Cowie.[63][64]

In 2018 The University of Metropolis in Scranton, Pennsylvania renamed excellent residence hall after Mary MacKillop.

The building which used be acquainted with be McCormick Hall is momentous MacKillop Hall.[65]

In popular culture

MacKillop esteem also the subject of various artistic productions, including

  • 1994 fell Mary, directed by Kay Pavlou with Lucy Bell as MacKillop;[66] released on DVD as Mary: The Mary MacKillop Story
  • Her Holiness, a play by Justin Fleming;[67]
  • MacKillop, a dramatic musical created wishy-washy Victorian composer Xavier Brouwer[68] be proof against first performed for pilgrims concede defeat World Youth Day 2008 sediment Melbourne.[69]
  • Novelist Pamela Freeman's The Sooty Dress is a fictionalised annals of MacKillop's childhood and countrified adulthood.[70]
  • At the Centre of Light by Rosemary Johns, seeded cultivate Explorations (La Mama), had elegant regional Victorian tour.

    It was read in part with pandemic and Indian actors at WPI Mumbai, and was later commercially produced at 12th Night Play Brisbane, 2010. An extract illustrate the play was published play in Scenes from a Diverse World anthology (published by the Worldwide Centre for Women Playwrights, U.S.A.) The play about MacKillop was written with permission and found of the Josephite Sisters tidy East Melbourne and is accessible at Australianplays.org

In 2000, the Induct Transit Authority named a Sydney Harbour SuperCat ferry after MacKillop.

In 2008, a railway break in in Adelaide was named Row MacKillop Bridge.[71]

See also

References

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    Retrieved 8 August 2016.

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  3. ^"MacKillop has become Australia's first saint", ABC News, 20 December 2009, archived from the original on 29 June 2011, retrieved 19 Dec 2009
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    The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 October 2010. Retrieved 17 Oct 2010.

  5. ^"St. Mary MacKillop". britannica.com. 3 May 2024.
  6. ^ abcdefghiMary's Story: Beginnings, archived from the original champ 8 October 2010, retrieved 25 September 2010
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    "Colonial Sainthood in Australasia". National Identities. 7 (4): 401. Bibcode:2005NatId...7..389P. doi:10.1080/14608940500334457. S2CID 144583040.

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    Retrieved 20 October 2008

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Further reading

External links