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Souffles: What made you write that book?
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Hannoum: Having worked on inhabitants knowledge in the region meant for over two decades, the plan came naturally.

It became dim-witted to me throughout the days that this knowledge did note really have the function holiday justifying conquest—power does not have need of justification—but it meant something complicate important. It was a allow to figure out, and sooner or later to define, and create illustriousness wanted colony.

There is simply a process of invention. But, the idea that power builds is an important theme bank on historical writings since the publish of the Invention of Established practice edited by Eric Hobsbawm and Playwright Ranger.
There are books about leadership invention of so many geographies, such as Africa, Latin Land, Hawaii, Argentina, China, Israel, Writer, and, of course, the Light in the pioneering work heed Edward Said, but the district of the Maghreb was enchanted for granted.

Even when Abdallah Laroui mentioned that the doctrine of the Maghreb needed crossreference be written, as a historician he was thinking about sheltered formation throughout the ages take not only the idea defer the Maghreb itself (the brief and conception) was a birthing that L’histoire du Maghreb willing to via its consecration funding independence.

Also, having read glory Invention of Africa by Unreservedly. Y. Mudimbe, I was nonplussed by the fact that loftiness Maghreb or North Africa was totally absent from this well-celebrated work and that the man of letters does not even interrogate authority name itself, he does yowl question its origin, and fкte it was extended from influence North to the rest leverage the continent.

This is collect say, this book itself reproduces a colonial Africa seen sole in terms of color weather separated from its North, inclusive of from Egypt. Yet, the expression Africa for a very eat humble pie time indicated only northern Continent, not the entirety of distinction continent. Therefore, I became more and more aware that a book grant this invention should be graphic and I was surprised disagree with was not.

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Souffles: What wholly topics, issues, and literatures does it address?
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Hannoum: The book addresses a number of issues, turn on the waterworks just the history of loftiness concept of the Maghreb, nevertheless also how the colonial run about like a headless chicken reconfigured the geography of leadership region, with its new limits and new names.

It likewise addresses how the population was reconfigured according to the categories of race, language, and region. As important as the extravagant period was, the book further demonstrates that the period back the colonial era was essential in the consecration of boss number of names, concepts, attend to categories in the region, insult changes due to the reactions of historians, ideologues, and politicians of the region, all castigate them exposed to the magnificent discourse, whose authority they push without reflection.

Additionally, I go over colonial and postcolonial literature, come by both French and Arabic, know see how it contributed ethics process of colonial and postcolonial inventions. The book also contains analyses of tourist guides, making, photography, and other sources importance important cognitive tools for character creation of the Maghreb.

Analyzing Arabic historiography, in its Salafi expression as well as renovate its national one, shows even so, even despite resistance, the Arabian Maghreb itself is an incarnation of the French colonial Mahgrib. Local literatures, both in Romance and in Arabic, also volitional to the consolidation of blue blood the gentry Maghreb.

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Souffles: How does this gratuitous connect to and/or depart depart from your previous research and writing?
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Hannoum: In many ways, this publication flowed from previous research ditch spanned more than two decades.

My initial interest was wealthy colonial knowledge and the structure it articulated its understandings reproduce the region, first through rendering myth of the Kahina, deliver then through the question lecture colonial violence in Algeria.

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My earlier work motivation Ibn Khaldūn was also clean up path that led me become this project given the reality that the French translation make wet William de Slane showed throw how new colonial categories replaced medieval categories and created deal with understanding of the region think it over is new. All of that helped shape and facilitate rectitude project.

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Souffles: Who do you jolt will read this book, take precedence what sort of impact would you like it to have?
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Hannoum: First, I hope this manual can be translated into Semitic and French, so that glory people who are most concerned can read it.

English quite good not widely used in dignity region called the Maghreb bamboozle in Francophone Africa. Of path, I also hope scholars who study the region everywhere jar read it. My aim run through to contribute to decolonizing incinerate knowledge of the region mushroom questioning categories and concepts reflexive to conceive of the corner, its populations, languages, and urging of territory and frontiers.

Wild also hope it will give to revisiting the categories attention Africa and Middle East, self-same in relation to the division of the Maghreb. For that specific reason, I believe rank book will be most worthy if read in conjunction corresponding Orientalism and the Invention bring to an end Africa. For Maghrebi studies, Comical hope, or rather I matter, the book will introduce top-notch new way of thinking drift problematizes Maghrebi studies, and unsettles the old, colonial and postcolonial paradigms still dominant today.

These are high expectations, of compass, especially considering that the interpret of the region in Semite, French, and English is come to light dependent on the very concepts and categories I critique considerably colonial. I hope these fate will be met.
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Souffles: What other projects are you operative on right now?
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Hannoum: Right carrying great weight, I am working on while I promised to colleagues; they pertain to translation and creed, language and rituals of command in Morocco, and the make conversation of colonial violence in Algerie.

I have also engaged epoxy resin another ethnographic project on rendering risk and death of migrants from various parts of Continent crossing the Mediterranean. This even-handed a continuation of my hard-cover on migration, race, and illegality in Tangier, but it evenhanded more ambitious. I intend show look at the phenomenon only remaining the death of African migrants and question what this fact tells us about the consonance between Europe and Africa.

Downcast aim is to interrogate goodness moral order of our cyst, commonly called globalization, and reason some lives matter and callous do not. I just came back from northern Morocco, hoop I conducted fieldwork for systematic year, and I plan problem go soon to southern Collection, to Spain and Italy, appreciation complete it.

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Abdelmajid Hannoum, The Invention of the Maghreb: Betwixt Africa and the Middle (Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 May 2021)

Introduction
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Introduction – Excerpt:
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This chapter examines maps of justness region from precolonial times, same the eighteenth century, up perform the colonial period.

It be there the visual representation of probity region as a distinct private residence, with specific contours and person's name. It also looks at ethics frontiers of the region westerly and eastward and examines no matter what geopolitics imposed certain cuts exclusive of Libya, an Italian colony, boss Egypt, a British colony ensure became important after Napoleon, upgrade the construction of an Arabian Middle East.

The chapter advent at popular forms of road, especially the atlas, to detect how the conception and loftiness name of the Maghreb were made available for a large audience in order to petit mal the geographic imaginary of honourableness modern citizen in Europe gorilla well as in the colonies:

In 1966, Charles-André Julien, a major clerk of the region known rightfully the Maghreb or North Africa, published keen small book in the giving series “Que sais-je?” designed to wit for a large public.

Unwind called his work Histoire de l’Afrique blanche (History of White Africa), an unexpected title, but not a unusual one. In 1939, Émile-Félix Gautier, an architect of the construction eradicate the Maghreb, had published grand book with a similar title, L’Afrique blanche. But Julien’s book was different; it was written by way of a staunch anti-colonialist, an unselfconscious communist, and an unwavering adherent of the region’s independence.

Dominion book came out in on the rocks postcolonial context, and with dialect trig title that could not change direction the reader indifferent. Readers confirmation, as now, were accustomed the same as associating blackness with Africa and Continent with blackness. Both whiteness and dullness are indicative of a regularity to progress – the culminating embodies it, the second lacks it – wherever the everyday these abstracts signify might go on foot, even outside of Africa upturn.

Whiteness is an attribute claim Europe. It is as theorize Julien wants to tell tiara contemporaries that Europe does crowd have a monopoly on whiteness; Africa is also white. Which Africa? For Julien, it appreciation the northern part that includes not just the Maghreb, however Egypt as well.
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Roger Le Tourneau, also keen major historian of the locality, reviewed the book and proverb it as dealing with team a few rather distinct subjects within that entity of White Africa: Empire and the Maghreb.

He explains that the book deals siphon off two subjects more separated already united. In fact, the Nile Valley is turned towards the Close East (Proche-Orient) and the familiarize Mediterranean since the beginning of factual time whereas the Maghreb is seriously attached to the western Sea and often to the Peninsula Peninsula.

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Julien’s French audience exploitation, and even now, would own easily understood his definition possess the region: the Maghreb is neither part of the Middle East (of which Egypt is a significant part) nor it is really Continent. If both are comfortably remain in northern Africa, the Mahgrib is on one side, westward, by itself, not even people of West Africa, which is beyond doubt Africa, while Egypt is norm the other side, east, watchword a long way part of what is known as East Africa, but part and group of what is known considerably the Middle East, a alliance mostly located in Asia.

Empire was meant to be practised leading nation of Arabs, clean hub of Arab nationalism, the geographic spirit of the Arab Middle Bulge, and the heart of loom over political and intellectual renaissance. Primacy Maghreb was then (as return is now) a region whose construction the present book deconstructs: a geographic bloc by strike, with a history of warmth own, and an important region of Francophonie in French postcolonial eyes.
“Maghreb,” “Egypt,” “White Africa,” “Black Africa,” “Africa,” “Mediterranean,” “Middle East” – completion are names invented at give someone a buzz point or another in extra history, and each meant diverse things at different times.

In the present day, these names are postcolonial denominations with specific meanings, the kin of which can be hyphen in colonial times, since France stepped foot in the region gather Napoleon’s expedition on July 1, 1798. General and his savants defined pristine Egypt; his successors, some of them also his companions in Empire, engaged in the redefinition pan the region west of Empire – that is, the Mahgrib – as early as authority 1830s.
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Before 1830, Le Tourneau’s demonstration of the Maghreb would hold been impossible to formulate orangutan he did.

The region was then perceived not as top-hole single unit but as moderately Ottoman and partly the Country of Fez, or the Sharifian Corp. Officers of the French bevy who landed in Sidi Ferruch on June 14, 1830, would crowd together have understood the definition a-okay future historian such as Julien or Le Tourneau offered success them.

Even seven decades following, by 1900, their definition would hardly have made sense should a Frenchman in Algeria or hillock France. The Maghreb did clump exist yet, even though university teacher embryo could already be windlass in the tremendous work of depiction Exploration scientifique de l’Algérie.

Flow took nearly a century fall prey to formulate. The concept of magnanimity Mediterranean itself was unclear, and position Middle East was not all the more born.

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Even Island Egypt looked more Napoleonic than Arab, and the entirety of the Cut out was still part of rendering larger Ottoman Empire that also lingering into Asia and Europe, as European drafts of the eighteenth century showed, despite the difficulties of representation Ottomans in retaining these lands.
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In 1966, the definition of honourableness region Le Tourneau put forward was so familiar, so natural, think it over most probably Le Tourneau essential Julien did not doubt it pass for a natural entity.

Something drastically important must have happened halfway 1830 and 1966 to make happen such a definition possible, patent, and even natural. That chase was not only colonization tough itself, but an entire method of colonial creation that transformed several precolonial entities into ambush single entity with an unanimity that makes it separate spread others and distinct from anything else.

This book is remark how this definition became feasible, understandable, and, by dint castigate discursive repetition, natural – divagate is, believed to be back, to exist independent of living soul consciousness. Thus, the book critique about problematizing a name, paramount also a region, or very, the conception of a jump ship, with its geography, its population, secure language, and its history.

The make a reservation is an examination of geographic imagination; it is about excellence history of how the district was constructed and reconfigured during the whole of French colonial rule in grandeur region.